Thyrotoxicosis

A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2869 relevant articles (114 outcomes, 165 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Graves Disease (Basedow Disease)
2.	Hyperthyroidism
3.	Thyroiditis
4.	Hypothyroidism
5.	Goiter

Experts

1.	Martino, Enio: 20 articles (09/2014 - 01/2002)
2.	Bartalena, Luigi: 18 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Bogazzi, Fausto: 18 articles (09/2014 - 01/2002)
4.	Miyauchi, Akira: 11 articles (06/2014 - 04/2004)
5.	Amino, Nobuyuki: 11 articles (06/2014 - 07/2002)
6.	Cooper, David S: 8 articles (06/2015 - 10/2002)
7.	Tomisti, Luca: 8 articles (09/2014 - 02/2007)
8.	Rossi, Giuseppe: 8 articles (09/2014 - 10/2002)
9.	Braverman, Lewis E: 8 articles (11/2013 - 12/2002)
10.	Martino, E: 7 articles (03/2012 - 04/2001)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Thyrotoxicosis:

1.	IodineIBA 04/01/1999 - "Radioactive iodine treatment of thyrotoxicosis in considered one of, if not the most, successful therapy in Nuclear Medicine. " 11/01/1976 - "Evidence is presented here from 23 cases that iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis may also occur in patients with no prior thyroid desorder and is characterized by: a) an almost undetectable 131I uptake, wich can be activated by TSH; b) a spontaneous improvement within a few weeks or months after withdrawing the high intake of iodine; c) the absence of any detectable thyroid abnormality after recovery." 01/01/2000 - "Our results indicate that improved iodine supplementation may be the main cause of seasonal variations in the incidence of thyrotoxicosis." 08/01/2009 - "To evaluate the efficacy of a fixed dose of radioactive iodine (131-I) in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, and to identify risk factors associated with treatment failure. " 05/01/2003 - "The efficacy of low-dose radioactive iodine without a thionamide in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis."
2.	Amiodarone (Amiodarona)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2005 - "Development of amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis was accompanied with loss of antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiodarone in all cases. " 01/01/2004 - "Development of amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis was accompanied with loss of antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiodarone in all cases. " 07/01/2012 - "Although thyroid scintigraphy remains a standard radiologic study, thyroid ultrasonography can be a practical alternative in many cases and the primary imaging modality in some situations such as during pregnancy and lactation and for evaluation and management of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis." 10/01/2010 - "The aim of this study is to describe three different cases of patients with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and discuss the clinical and laboratorial aspects, and the different approaches to them. " 06/19/2007 - "This study sought to determine the clinical course and predictors of long-term outcome in patients with documented amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT). "
3.	Antithyroid Agents (Antithyroid Drugs)IBA 09/01/2010 - "Antithyroid drugs (ATD) are used as a first line treatment in thyrotoxicosis. " 07/01/2006 - "Antithyroid drugs should remain the first-line therapy for treatment of thyrotoxicosis in children with a remission rate of 66.7%. " 09/15/2013 - "Antithyroid drugs as thionamides are largely used in the treatment of the thyrotoxicosis. " 12/01/2012 - "There are 3 treatment options for thyrotoxicosis: Antithyroid drugs, Surgery and radioiodine. " 01/01/2012 - "Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) have been widely and effectively used for the treatment of pediatric and adult thyrotoxicosis for more than a half century. "
4.	Propranolol (Inderal)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1980 - "Is propranolol alone really beneficial in neonatal thyrotoxicosis? " 01/01/1976 - "It has been suggested that propranolol hydrochloride alone is effective in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. " 04/01/1981 - "Increased clearance of propranolol in thyrotoxicosis." 05/12/1973 - "Remission of thyrotoxicosis during treatment with propranolol." 05/01/1992 - "The purpose of this study was to determine whether propranolol alone can improve mineral metabolic disorders in thyrotoxicosis. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 06/01/2007 - "Neonatal thyrotoxicosis can occur in the first few days of life after clearance of maternal antithyroid drug, and can last for several months, until maternal antibodies are also cleared." 04/01/2004 - "Neonatal thyrotoxicosis disappears with clearance of the maternal antibodies; clinical signs usually disappear during the first four Months of life. " 06/01/2014 - "Differentiation of postpartum Graves' thyrotoxicosis from postpartum destructive thyrotoxicosis using antithyrotropin receptor antibodies and thyroid blood flow." 05/01/2008 - "Although rare, TSHR mutations should be considered in an infant presenting with thyrotoxicosis in absence of demonstrable TSHR antibodies in serum." 06/01/1992 - "Thyroid stimulating anti-TSH-R antibodies (TSAb) are involved in the pathomechanism of thyrotoxicosis. "
6.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1997 - "In this community-based sample, the improvement in sensitivity yielded by the third-generation assay at the lower end of the normal range reduced the number of confirmatory FT4 levels required to exclude thyrotoxicosis or over-replacement with thyroxine, but reagent costs were nevertheless higher than for second-generation assays. " 07/01/1952 - "The effect of exogenous thyroxine on radioiodine uptake in normal subjects and in cases of thyrotoxicosis in remission." 11/01/2007 - "In this study, thyrotoxicosis was produced in rats by 14 days of daily thyroxine injection. " 03/01/2005 - "At study entry, all patients had subclinical thyrotoxicosis as effect of L-thyroxine (L-T4) treatment. " 01/01/1970 - "[Diagnostic value of radioisotope study of thyroxine metabolism in vivo in thyrotoxicosis]."
7.	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)FDA Link 02/01/1994 - "Eight patients had remission of thyrotoxicosis but persistence of thyroid-stimulating hormone level suppression and radionuclide uptake only in the nodule. " 09/01/2014 - "The investigation showed the evidence of biochemical thyrotoxicosis with free T4 at 37 pmol/L (normal reference range: 11-27) and thyrotropin (TSH) < 0.003 mU/L. " 04/01/2013 - "Two months after her first pregnancy and one month after her second pregnancy, she presented with severe endogenous thyrotoxicosis and concomitant suppressed thyrotropin (TSH) levels, which represents an unusual finding in patients affected by RTH. " 06/01/2012 - "Thyroid stimulating hormone microadenoma as a rare cause of thyrotoxicosis amenable to surgical cure." 01/01/2009 - "Ablative thyroid treatment for thyrotoxicosis due to thyrotropin-producing pituitary tumours."
8.	HormonesIBA 09/01/2013 - "Four months after the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis, thyroid hormone levels had returned to normal, and native cardiac function had improved remarkably. " 01/01/1993 - "Fecal thyroid hormone measurement may help to provide formal proof of factitious thyrotoxicosis." 09/01/2015 - "Therefore, this study investigated the risk factors associated with prevalent and incident thyrotoxicosis and the initiation of thyroid hormone therapy in a healthy, aging cohort. " 04/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome and hormone profiles of patients with AIT (n = 60) with those with Graves' thyrotoxicosis (n = 49) and toxic multinodular goitre (MNG, n = 40). " 10/01/1996 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate CFDS patterns in five women with thyrotoxicosis factitia, a condition due to surreptitious ingestion of excess thyroid hormone. "
9.	Thyroid HormonesIBA 05/01/2015 - "However, reports on the influence of thyroid hormones on haemostasis, while suggesting a hypercoagulable state in thyrotoxicosis, have often been inconclusive. " 06/01/2014 - "Noted high concentration of free thyroid hormones immediately after the procedure was not accompanied by worsening of symptoms or signs of thyrotoxicosis. " 01/01/2014 - "The serum levels of thyroid hormones are partially dependent on the enterohepatic circulation, especially under thyrotoxicosis. " 03/01/2012 - "Although the use of radioiodine scanning serves as a useful surrogate that may help characterize the cause of thyrotoxicosis, it only indirectly addresses the underlying physiologic mechanism driving the increase in serum thyroid hormones. " 04/01/2010 - "Thyrotoxicosis is defined as increased synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones; when associated with defused goitre it is known as grave's disease. "
10.	LithiumIBA 06/18/1981 - "The reduction of thyrotoxicosis is rarely obtained (2 cases), mainly because on the one hand, correct plasma lithium level (0.7-1.2 mEq/L) is rarely obtained (3 cases only), on the other hand because a high dose of lithium is required, perhaps owing to high clearance of lithium in thyrotoxicosis. " 08/01/2006 - "A relatively low dose of lithium offers a safe and effective alternative means of controlling thyrotoxicosis in patients who cannot tolerate or do not respond to thionamides." 01/01/2015 - "Trial removal of lithium results in reemergence of thyrotoxicosis within 24 hours. " 08/01/2006 - "To evaluate the efficacy and safety of lithium in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, and to study the dose and serum levels at which therapeutic response occurs. " 09/01/2005 - "This study aimed to evaluate the effects of radioiodine ((131)I), alone or in combination with lithium, on thyroid volume and the prevention of radioiodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Thyroidectomy 08/01/2003 - "She was treated successfully with propylthiouracile until 1991, when a new episode of thyrotoxicosis led to a subtotal thyroidectomy. " 01/01/2015 - "The patient later underwent therapeutic thyroidectomy, after which all features of thyrotoxicosis had improved. " 03/01/2008 - "Second trimester subtotal thyroidectomy was safe and effective in treating this pregnant patient's thyrotoxicosis." 04/01/2006 - "* Total thyroidectomy should be offered equally, with radioiodine and thionamide treatment, as a first line treatment modality in the management of thyrotoxicosis." 01/01/1997 - "The study included 63 patients who had subtotal thyroidectomy, 51 for thyrotoxicosis and 12 for non-toxic goitre. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/1992 - "We report a case of secondary hypokalemic PP due to thyrotoxicosis in which the decrease in the CMAP amplitude after exercise dramatically improved after treatment, when a euthyroid state was achieved. " 01/01/2012 - "The aim of the study was to evaluate sclerostin concentrations in patients before and after treatment of thyrotoxicosis. " 03/01/2000 - "The aim of this investigation was to study the mechanisms of the changes in some parameters of bone and mineral metabolism after treatment of thyrotoxicosis. " 10/01/1963 - "HAEMODYNAMIC STUDIES IN THYROTOXICOSIS: BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT." 09/01/1963 - "[STUDY OF THYROID FUNCTION BY I-132 AFTER TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS WITH I-131]."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 09/01/2001 - "Clinically, the thyrotoxicosis had spontaneously improved, followed by a hypothyroid state with shrinkage of the thyroid gland after chemotherapy. " 09/01/1978 - "In examination of patients with thyrotoxicosis, aged from 14 to 24 years, there was revealed a reduction of the activity of the mediatory link of the sympathico-adrenal ssystem without any connection with age, the severity and duration of the disease, and also with the efficacy of drug therapy. " 06/01/1976 - " There was biochemical evidence of improvement in thyrotoxicosis after chemotherapy. " 06/01/2015 - "These findings from a large, population-based cohort provide generalizable estimates of maternal and infant risks associated with maternal thyrotoxicosis and related pharmacotherapy." 12/22/2013 - "Generally, gestational transient thyrotoxicosis does not require medication, whereas Graves's disease needs antithyroid drug therapy. "
4.	Plasmapheresis 04/01/1991 - "The authors studied the efficacy of plasmapheresis in preoperative management of patients with thyrotoxicosis in intolerance of and resistance to thyrostatic agents. " 03/01/1989 - "As can be anticipated from the animal experiments, the efficiency of plasmapheresis or hemofiltration methods may be improved by previous application of large doses of hTBPA or hTBG in cases of thyrotoxicosis." 03/15/2015 - "[Usefulness of preoperative plasmapheresis in patients with thyrotoxicosis]." 01/01/2009 - "We retrospectively reviewed 11 patients with thyrotoxicosis and those who prepared surgery with plasmapheresis between 1999 and 2008 at our institution. " 01/01/2004 - "Plasmapheresis can be an option when drug treatment of thyrotoxicosis fails."
5.	Radiotherapy 03/01/1966 - "[Physical and biological presuppositions for an improvement in the technic of metabolic radiotherapy of thyrotoxicoses]." 01/01/2000 - "Radiotherapy can be used as a method of choice in merely intensified thyrotoxicosis especially with diffused thyroid gland enlargement (with the exception of trachea and oesophagus compression cases), after depletion of other efficient treatment methods, with the lack of patient's consent to operation or to thyrostatic treatment. " 04/01/1968 - "[The functional status of the adrenal cortex in patients with thyrotoxicosis following radiotherapy]." 05/01/1966 - "[Examination of the urine activity in radiotherapy of patients with thyrotoxicosis]." 07/01/1965 - "[I-131 radiotherapy following surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis]."