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Thiopental (Pentothal)

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration. It is also used for hypnosis and for the control of convulsive states. It has been used in neurosurgical patients to reduce increased intracranial pressure. It does not produce any excitation but has poor analgesic and muscle relaxant properties. Small doses have been shown to be anti-analgesic and lower the pain threshold. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p920)

Also Known As:

Pentothal; Thiopental Sodium; Abbott Brand of Thiopental Sodium; Altana Pharma Brand of Thiopental Sodium; Bomathal; Braun Brand of Thiopental Sodium; Merial Brand of Thiopental Sodium; Nesdonal; Nycomed Brand of Thiopental Sodium; Pentothal Sodico; Pharmtech Brand of Thiopental Sodium; Pisa Brand of Thiopental Sodium; Rhone Merieux Brand of Thiopental Sodium; Sodipental; Thionembutal; Thiopental Nycomed; Thiopentone; Tiobarbital Braun; Trapanal; Penthiobarbital; Thiomebumal; Thiopentobarbital; 4,6(1H,5H)-Pyrimidinedione, 5-ethyldihydro-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2-thioxo-

Networked: 1341 relevant articles (57 outcomes, 102 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Heterocyclic Compounds: 60
- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds
  - Pyrimidines: 319
    - Pyrimidinones: 14
      - Barbiturates: 929
        Thiobarbiturates: 3
        Thiopental: 1341
        thiobutabarbital: 39
        thiobarbital: 7
        5-ethyl-5-(1-ethylpropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid

Experts

1.	Humar, Matjaz: 5 articles (01/2013 - 05/2002)
2.	Loop, Torsten: 4 articles (10/2015 - 05/2002)
3.	Jeong, C W: 4 articles (01/2013 - 06/2009)
4.	Yoo, K Y: 4 articles (01/2013 - 06/2009)
5.	Lee, J: 4 articles (01/2013 - 06/2009)
6.	Geiger, Klaus K: 4 articles (03/2009 - 05/2002)
7.	Thiemermann, Christoph: 4 articles (07/2004 - 01/2002)
8.	Roesslein, Martin: 3 articles (10/2015 - 04/2008)
9.	Goebel, Ulrich: 3 articles (10/2015 - 04/2008)
10.	Prabhakar, Hemanshu: 3 articles (01/2015 - 01/2012)

Related Diseases

1.	Seizures (Seizure) 01/01/2006 - "It was effective in achieving seizure control, with milder adverse effects compared with thiopental infusion." 11/01/2015 - "Following the withdraw of thiopental sodium, she was seizure free on her discharge on the 8th day. " 11/01/2015 - "Her myoclonic seizures were controlled with thiopental sodium infusion. " 01/01/2014 - "Patients who were anesthetized with thiopental received a lower electrical treatment dose without an unwanted decrease in seizure duration. " 07/01/2013 - "Intravenous thiopental sodium, up to 18 mg/kg/hour, was administered to control convulsions. "
2.	Pain (Aches) 08/01/1997 - "Thiopental at the highest dose produced a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in self-reported pain intensity both at 5 min into the infusion period and at 115 min after termination of the infusion. " 09/01/2000 - "Intravenous thiopental (approximately 1 mg/kg) was thought to obtain the best pain relief because it stopped the pain quickly, the dose needed was subanesthetic, and there was no adverse effect." 02/04/2000 - "The pain index used was the Tail-Flick latency (TFL) of the rat, which was lightly anesthetized with thiopental sodium (intraperitoneally). " 01/01/1994 - "DISADVANTAGES WHEN COMPARED WITH THIOPENTONE: more frequent pain at the injection site, however its prevention is possible, more frequent apnoea, but may be avoided by slowly injecting the drug, higher cost. " 10/01/1985 - "Despite a significantly higher incidence of pain on injection and spontaneous movement, the new agent was felt to perform comparably to thiopentone as an induction agent. "
3.	Ischemia 09/01/1995 - "The protective effects of thiopental on brain stem ischemia." 01/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to examine the effects of thiopental on brain functions in normoxia and under partial or complete ischemia. " 01/01/2009 - "We describe two patients suffering from acute bowel ischemia after thiopental (THP) treatment for RSE. " 01/01/2009 - "In conclusion, it seems that the protective effect of thiopental occurs only under partial ischemia and not under complete ischemia." 08/01/1998 - "Thiopental prolonged the latency to the appearance of the [Ca2+]i plateau and reduced the magnitudes of increase in [Ca2+]i 8, 10, and 15 min after the onset of ischemia. "
4.	Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia) 02/01/2013 - "Adult Sprague Dawely rats were anesthetized with thiopentone and subjected to global cerebral ischemia by occlusion of bicommon carotid arteries. " 10/19/2009 - "We observed that Thiopental caused a prolonged duration of unconsciousness with a high rate of mortality, that Thiopental created exaggerated neurological deficits that were revealed through limb placement tests at 4 days and 4 weeks after brain ischemia, and that infarct volume was increased in Thiopental-anesthetized rats. " 08/01/1999 - "Protective effect of thiopental against cerebral ischemia during circulatory arrest." 04/01/1985 - "In contrast, lower thiopental blood levels, sufficient to depress the EEG to burst suppression or isoelectricity, were well tolerated with and without preceding brain ischemia (Groups IV and III)." 04/01/1985 - "Group II received thiopental 90 mg/kg over 1 h without preceding brain ischemia. "
5.	Hypothermia 07/01/2008 - "Thiopental overdose is very frequent in the event of associated hypothermia. " 10/01/2006 - "Deep hypothermia and the vascular response to thiopental." 09/01/1999 - "Fischer-344 rats remained awake in their cages (control group) or were anesthetized with 70 mg/kg thiopental and maintained for 2.5 h at core body temperatures of 30-32 degrees C (hypothermia group) or 38 degrees C (normothermia group). " 07/01/1998 - "The authors concluded that the effects of mild hypothermia on thiopental-induced EEG suppression are not simply additive, but synergistic." 07/01/1998 - "However, it is not known whether mild hypothermia affects thiopental-induced electroencephalogram (EEG) burst suppression. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Propofol (Diprivan)
2.	Ketamine
3.	Sodium
4.	Etomidate
5.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
6.	Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
7.	Isoflurane
8.	Intravenous Anesthetics
9.	Thiopental (Pentothal)
10.	Meperidine (Pethidine)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia
2.	Carotid Endarterectomy
3.	Intravenous Injections
4.	Spinal Anesthesia
5.	Resuscitation