Theobromine

3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9)

Also Known As:

Networked: 130 relevant articles (8 outcomes, 22 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Costa-Bauza, Antonia: 4 articles (08/2022 - 01/2014)
2.	Grases, Felix: 4 articles (08/2022 - 01/2014)
3.	Sugimoto, Naotoshi: 3 articles (05/2022 - 01/2014)
4.	Hartmann, Tobias: 3 articles (02/2022 - 11/2019)
5.	Janitschke, Daniel: 3 articles (02/2022 - 11/2019)
6.	Bujold, Emmanuel: 3 articles (05/2018 - 12/2013)
7.	Dodin, Sylvie: 3 articles (05/2018 - 12/2013)
8.	Lemieux, Simone: 3 articles (05/2018 - 12/2013)
9.	Grimm, Heike Sabine: 2 articles (02/2022 - 11/2019)
10.	Grimm, Marcus Otto Walter: 2 articles (02/2022 - 11/2019)

Related Diseases

1.	Lithiasis 06/29/2023 - "Efficacy of Theobromine and Its Metabolites in Reducing the Risk of Uric Acid Lithiasis." 07/07/2020 - "The aim was to compare the efficacy of citrate versus citrate + theobromine as treatment for UA lithiasis. " 06/29/2023 - "Thus, theobromine and its metabolites reduced the risk of uric acid lithiasis." 07/07/2020 - "Comparison of Two Dietary Supplements for Treatment of Uric Acid Renal Lithiasis: Citrate vs. Citrate + Theobromine."
2.	Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 08/01/2021 - "Theobromine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism via mTOR signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro." 08/01/2021 - "In this study, we investigated the effects of theobromine on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the possible underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. " 08/01/2021 - "Novelty: Theobromine protects against high-fat diet - induced NAFLD. " 08/01/2021 - "The present study demonstrated that theobromine improved NAFLD by inhibiting lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake and promoting fatty acid oxidation in the liver and hepatocytes, which might be associated with its suppression of mTOR signaling pathway. "
3.	Myopia 11/01/2021 - "The present study entails the toxicity evaluation of 7-methyl xanthine (7-MX), first of its kind molecule found effective in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of myopia, in comparison to other clinically used xanthines i.e., caffeine and theobromine. "
4.	Body Weight (Weight, Body) 01/01/2020 - "Rats ingesting theobromine in inactivated TvTD-treated CPH-based diet or by oral gavage variably exhibited marked deleterious effects, mainly evident in body weight, thymus wet weight and tissue histology. " 05/01/2019 - "Orally administered theobromine did not affect the body-weights and tissue weights, food and water intake, and blood count as determined by comparison with levels in rats that were fed standard chow. " 05/01/2019 - "We measured body-weights and tissue weights, food and water intake, blood count, concentrations of theobromine in the plasma, liver and brain, and the levels of phosphorylated mTOR in the liver and brain. " 02/01/1994 - "Theobromine (500 mg/kg x 7 days) inhibited body weight gain in treated rats. " 01/01/1992 - "A decrease in body weight gain and epididymal weights were observed in theobromine and high-dose cocoa-extract-treated groups. "
5.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 08/01/2017 - "It can be concluded that a) strontium aids rehardening but not EFU and only in presence of fluoride; b) theobromine does not appear to offer any anti-caries benefits in this model; c) there are no synergistic effects between strontium and theobromine in the presence or absence of fluoride." 04/01/2017 - "Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF) was requested to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety assessment of the flavouring substances caffeine [FL-no: 16.016] and theobromine [FL-no: 16.032] in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 49, Revision 1. Consequent to the 2015 scientific opinion from the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on the safety of caffeine from all dietary sources, the CEF Panel considered it inappropriate to evaluate the two substances through the Procedure. " 11/01/2017 - "The consumption of dark chocolate for 15 d improved HDL-C concentrations of individuals with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART, possibly due to the presence of fatty acids (stearic acid), polyphenols, and theobromine. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Fatty Acids (Saturated Fatty Acids)
2.	Uric Acid (Urate)
3.	Caffeine (No Doz)
4.	Theophylline (Theon)
5.	Citric Acid (Citrate)
6.	Xanthine
7.	Xanthines
8.	Polyphenols
9.	Hypoxanthine
10.	Allopurinol (Remid)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics
2.	Caloric Restriction
3.	Tooth Remineralization
4.	Lithotripsy (Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy)
5.	Oral Administration