Tetanus

A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.

Also Known As:

Networked: 9327 relevant articles (320 outcomes, 946 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Diphtheria
2.	Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
3.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
4.	Infections
5.	Hepatitis B

Experts

1.	Aaby, Peter: 54 articles (07/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 44 articles (05/2015 - 02/2000)
3.	Halperin, Scott A: 42 articles (11/2022 - 05/2002)
4.	Klein, Nicola P: 30 articles (01/2022 - 04/2008)
5.	Schuerman, Lode: 27 articles (01/2022 - 11/2002)
6.	Van Damme, Pierre: 24 articles (01/2021 - 03/2003)
7.	Rodrigues, Amabelia: 22 articles (07/2022 - 06/2003)
8.	Benn, Christine Stabell: 22 articles (01/2022 - 04/2004)
9.	Bock, Hans L: 20 articles (09/2012 - 09/2002)
10.	Benn, Christine S: 19 articles (07/2022 - 10/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Tetanus:

1.	VaccinesIBA 05/27/2014 - "Tetanus is still a scourge among the under-privileged populations of the world, and unfortunately remains an important cause of death although a cheap, safe and highly efficacious vaccine is available. " 01/01/2002 - "Although safe and effective vaccines are available to protect against tetanus in the United States and vaccination rates are high, cases of tetanus among children continue to occur. " 11/01/2016 - "Horses that undergo basic immunisation with 3 doses of vaccine after age 5 months are likely to have serum antibody titres consistent with protection against tetanus for more than 3 years. " 07/17/2023 - "These results suggest that one-dose revaccination, regardless of the vaccine type, is as effective as two-dose in preventing tetanus for at least 1 year in horses not vaccinated in the previous year." 09/24/2010 - "subtilis tetanus vaccines administered IN to mice appear safe, heat-stable, and protective against lethal tetanus challenge."
2.	ToxoidsIBA 01/01/1965 - "Because of a high incidence of failure to re-attend, 63.9% of patients requiring protection against tetanus would never have begun a course of active immunity unless toxoid had been given at the first attendance. " 05/01/2009 - "The public health policy that one dose of toxoid booster after primary vaccination should be emphasized for continuing protection against tetanus." 10/19/2005 - "Another study, involving 8641 children, assessed the effectiveness of tetanus-diptheria toxoid in preventing neonatal mortality after one or two doses. " 02/01/1992 - "The study of tetanus toxoids obtained from different manufacturers in the USSR has shown that these preparations exhibit molecular heterogeneity. " 05/01/1985 - "[Experimental studies of the reactivity of adsorbed tetanus toxoids in guinea pigs]."
3.	Tetanus Toxoid (Vaccine, Tetanus)FDA Link 01/01/2018 - "It has been used since the 1960s, when it was found that tetanus vaccine was highly effective in preventing neonatal tetanus, but interest has greatly increased over the last few years. " 06/01/2021 - "Introduction While tetanus has largely been eradicated with the advent of the tetanus vaccine, its prevalence in Pakistan remains alarmingly high due to insufficient uptake of the vaccination program. " 01/01/2015 - "Rapid testing for tetanus on serum or blood allows for an immediate evaluation of individual protection against tetanus in developed countries, using a "single step" immunochromatographic technique using tetanus toxoid. " 06/01/1998 - "The data demonstrate that a limited-dose regimen of maternal tetanus toxoid provides significant and extended protection against the risk of neonatal tetanus death." 02/01/2014 - "A nonadjuvanted transcutaneous tetanus patch is effective in boosting anti-tetanus toxoid immune responses."
4.	Pertussis VaccineIBA 01/01/2017 - "Over two fifths (44%) of all AEFI occurred after the booster dose of the combined diphteria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine in 5-year old children. " 07/18/2013 - "However, the WHO-estimated immunization coverage of 88% for 3 doses of Diptheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccine in Pakistan is likely an over-estimate. " 01/01/2013 - "HEU demonstrated stronger pertussis vaccine responses, developing protective titers 1 year earlier than HUU patients, and maintained higher anti-tetanus titers at 24 months of age. " 02/03/2007 - "Pneumococcal vaccination at the rate of diptheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine coverage was projected to prevent 262,000 deaths per year (7%) in children aged 3-29 months in the 72 developing countries studied, thus averting 8.34 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) yearly. " 12/01/2003 - "All monkeys were inoculated with diptheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine at 5 weeks of age to simulate human infant vaccination schedules. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 06/10/1994 - "Apart from the obvious age and sex dependency of the demonstrated inadequacy of immunological protection against tetanus, attention should also be paid to the lack of protective antibodies in newborns and the marked gaps of immunity among children." 06/01/2006 - "In the high-risk ALL group 7/9 patients had subprotective levels of tetanus antibodies after vaccination and concomitantly the lowest avidity, implying poor protection against tetanus. " 03/01/1999 - "The prevalence of antibodies versus tetanus was significantly greater in males than in females. " 05/01/1994 - "The geometric mean titer of antibodies against tetanus was significantly greater in the DTwP group than in the DTaP group. " 01/01/2013 - "None of the subjects showed antibodies against Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp. Italians and other European workers have better protection against tetanus (91%) compared to non-EU workers (81%). "
6.	AntigensIBA 01/01/2020 - "Ensilicated tetanus antigen retains immunogenicity: in vivo study and time-resolved SAXS characterization." 12/01/2001 - "Laboratory studies reveal that immune responses to ubiquitous antigens are reconstituted, but that responses to rarely encountered antigens, such as tetanus, are not reconstituted without repeat vaccination. " 01/01/1986 - "Serial studies of these individuals following a tetanus booster immunization showed that LCF was produced by antigen-challenged mononuclear cells obtained 1-5 days postimmunization, was produced optimally 5-15 days postimmunization, and was still produced by antigen-challenged mononuclear cells obtained 6 weeks later. " 10/01/1972 - "2. Studies in sheep on aerogenic hyperimmunization using tetanus antigen]." 01/01/1972 - "1. Studies on airborn hyperimmunization of horses using tetanus antigen and on treatment with tetanus hyperimmune serum]."
7.	Combined VaccinesIBA 01/01/2013 - "In this study, we investigated the effect of HibT containing combination vaccines on anti-tetanus potencies by using animal models (mouse, guinea pig, and rat). " 07/17/2023 - "There was no difference in antibody titers between one- and two-dose regimens for up to 1 year, except at 8 weeks with the multivalent vaccine, and all horses had sufficient antibody titers for 1 year of tetanus prophylaxis. " 12/01/2012 - "In adults with a tetanus-prone injury, combined vaccines such as Tdap-IPV (REPEVAX®) can boost immunity against several diseases simultaneously. " 11/30/1980 - "In tetanus prevention it is of basic importance to establish and maintain active immunity by means of combined vaccines. " 08/01/1974 - "[The duration and intensity of antitoxic tetanus immunity in children inoculated with combined vaccines]."
8.	Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines (Tripedia)FDA Link 12/01/2018 - "Simultaneously, we assessed humoral and cellular immunity for evaluating the immunogenicity of a newly developed tri-component diphtheria-tetanus-aP (DTaP) vaccine. " 03/01/2009 - "More recently, a refinement of this method based on dermal temperature measurement has been developed for ACVs in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines (DTaP). " 01/01/1996 - "Tetanus antibody was higher pre- and post-vaccination for DTwP versus both DTaP vaccine groups, and diphtheria antibody was similar pre- and post-vaccination for all 3 groups. " 11/01/2014 - "Children who had received 5 previous doses of any diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine were enrolled in a phase IV clinical trial; 646 10-year-olds and 645 11-year-olds completed the study, which involved a single intramuscular dose of Tdap5 along with pre- and postvaccination serologies. " 03/01/1998 - "In a prospective, randomized, comparative, multi-centre study, 822 healthy infants were enrolled to receive three doses of either a candidate or a commercially available Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine concomitantly with diphtheria-, tetanus- acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine. "
9.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 01/01/1990 - "A simplified passive haemagglutination (PHA) screening test, an improved quantitative PHA assay, and a stable test cell preparation are described, as well as a comprehensive testing strategy which have been used in concert at this Service over the past 10 years for the successful accession of high-titre tetanus anti-toxin (TAT) plasma for fractionation into human tetanus immunoglobulin (HTIG). " 01/01/1990 - "An improved assay for human tetanus anti-toxin and its use in the accession of human plasma for the production of high-titre tetanus immunoglobulin." 09/22/1984 - "Intrathecal serotherapy appears to be effective in the treatment of tetanus, and it has been claimed that human immune globulins are innocuous. " 01/01/2018 - "Intrathecal Immunoglobulin for treatment of adult patients with tetanus: A randomized controlled 2x2 factorial trial." 01/01/2018 - "Intrathecal Immunoglobulin for treatment of adult patients with tetanus: A randomized controlled 2x2 factorial trial."
10.	Conjugate VaccinesIBA 01/01/1997 - "The tetanus-PRP conjugate vaccine not only elicited a good primary humoral response, but also induced immunological memory so that the infants were able to mount a large and rapid immune response to subsequent exposure to plain PRP, indicating that protection against circulating wild-type Hib had been generated. " 07/01/2009 - "Subsequently, in Phase III pre-licensure study, immunogenicity and safety of Sii HibPRO was assessed and compared with Hib tetanus conjugate vaccine (Act-HIB) of Aventis, France. " 09/01/2013 - "Infectious or autoimmune episodes (e.g., Omenn-like syndrome) were not detected (despite lymphocyte counts <2000 cells/μL) and excellent vaccination (tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines) and proliferation (anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulated) responses were recorded. " 01/01/2012 - "We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of meningococcal quadrivalent (A, C, W-135, Y) tetanus conjugate vaccine (TetraMen-T), administered at 1 year of age. " 06/01/2002 - "Antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b tetanus conjugate vaccine with two doses given at 3 and 5 months of age."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 03/15/1955 - "[Therapy and prevention of tetanus with demonstration of a case which could be cured]." 12/01/1952 - "[On the therapy of tetanus puerperalis; report on a cured case]." 12/01/2011 - "Tetanus mortality rates remain high in these areas, and studies regarding the best therapy for tetanus are scarce. " 11/01/1991 - "The role of the medical facilities in the prognosis of the patient with tetanus specially the importance of considering at the same time the severity of the disease and the characteristics of the therapy deserve further study in order to contribute to the development of the medical assistance to the patients with tetanus." 01/01/1975 - "Tetanus: situational clinical trials and therapeutics."
2.	Injections 01/01/2003 - "Tetanus vaccination coverage was 98.4% for the first, 97.8% for the second and 96.7% for the third dose, while 55.4% of the study subjects received the recommended two booster injections. " 01/01/1966 - "Those in the control group given 2 or 3 injections had a tetanus neonatorum death rate of 7.8 deaths per 100 births, and the corresponding subjects in the study group had none. " 06/22/2022 - "The utilization of ANC components (13.1%) is low with components such as having at least two tetanus injections (33.6%) and receiving drugs for intestinal parasites (43%) being highly underutilized. " 09/05/2021 - "The odds of receiving two tetanus injections before birth were 71% lower for women in the rural-hilly areas (AOR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.36-43) than those in the rural-plain areas. " 05/19/2021 - "A total of 7193 most recent births from mothers who had provided complete information on infant mortality, ANC visits, tetanus injections, place of delivery and skilled birth attendance during pregnancy were included. "
3.	Prenatal Care (Care, Prenatal) 04/01/1990 - "An evaluation of training programmes in 1986 showed considerable success with improved antenatal care, decreased neonatal tetanus, increased recognition and transfer to hospital of complications of pregnancy and delivery and encouraging improvements in many other indices of improved management. " 01/01/2020 - "In this study, mothers with primary education [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.23; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.44] and secondary and above education [AOR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.06, 1.73], media exposure [AOR = 1.35; 95%CI: 1.15, 1.58], not perceiving distance from the health facility as a big problem [AOR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.08,1.42], one antenatal care (ANC) visit [AOR = 1.56; 95%CI: 2.71, 4.68], two to three ANC visit [AOR = 11.82; 95%CI: 9.94,14.06], and four and more ANC visit [AOR = 15.25; 95%CI: 12.74, 18.26], being in Amhara [AOR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.38,0.92], Afar [AO = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.25,0.66], and Harari [AOR = 1.88; 95%CI: 1.15,3.07] regions, being in communities with higher level of women education [AOR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.03,1.52], and higher level of media exposure [AOR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.01,1.48] were significant predictors of having a protected birth against neonatal tetanus. " 09/10/2014 - "Data from 10 African countries with recent (from 2009 onwards) Demographic and Health Surveys are pooled and used in a multilevel logistic regression analysis to study associations between the PNC variables with the mortality outcomes after controlling for relevant socioeconomic and maternal factors (including antenatal care, skilled delivery, tetanus immunization and ever breastfed). " 01/01/2023 - "According to the results of the DID model, in the regional sample, armed conflict had a positive effect on tetanus vaccination (β=0.055, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.106, p<0.05), and had a negative effect on antenatal care at least eight visits (ANC8+) (β=-0.046, 95% CI -0.078 to -0.015, p<0.01). " 01/10/2022 - "Tetanus vaccination is an indispensable component of the antenatal care (ANC) and is considered one of the most effective and protective measures against tetanus deaths. "
4.	Critical Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 02/01/1990 - "Intensive care has markedly improved the prognosis of tetanus; the main problems at present are difficulty of early diagnosis and treatment of complications of the most serious cases." 12/08/2007 - "Survival of tetanus patients has improved substantially for those treated in hospitals with modern intensive-care facilities; however, such facilities are often unavailable where the tetanus burden is highest. " 11/01/2004 - "Impact of improved vaccination programme and intensive care facilities on incidence and outcome of tetanus in southern Vietnam, 1993-2002." 04/01/1985 - "Although low mortality from tetanus is possible with improved intensive care technology, the disease should be virtually preventable by the provision of proper tetanus prophylaxis to all patients at risk." 07/01/1987 - "These studies show the results of intensive care management of 306 consecutive patients with tetanus compared with 335 patients treated conservatively in the same hospital before the institution of the ICU. "
5.	Postnatal Care 04/13/2011 - "The panel estimated that neonatal tetanus mortality was reduced by clean birth practices at home (30% (IQR(20-30)), or in a facility (38% (IQR 34-40)), and by clean postnatal care practices (40% (IQR 30-50)). " 04/01/1983 - " Reduction measures include tetanus vaccination, diarrheal therapy and family planning measures; 2) Births to mothers less than 15 years of age have higher mortality and therefore mothers less than 20 years of age should receive special attention and postnatal care; 3) Children born following a short interval since the previous birth are at high mortality risk; since this risk persists for the 1st 2 years, concern for these children cannot be dropped immediately after birth. " 04/13/2011 - "According to expert opinion, clean birth and particularly postnatal care practices are effective in reducing neonatal mortality from sepsis and tetanus. " 01/01/2016 - "We estimated coverage, using proportions with 95% confidence intervals, for four MCH indicators: intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy, tetanus vaccination, early breastfeeding and postnatal care. " 04/13/2011 - "To review the evidence for clean birth and postnatal care practices and estimate the effect on neonatal mortality from sepsis and tetanus for the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). "