Tetanus

A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.

Networked: 6147 relevant articles (191 outcomes, 635 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Diphtheria
2.	Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
3.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
4.	Infection
5.	Hepatitis B

Experts

1.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 43 articles (03/2015 - 02/2000)
2.	Aaby, Peter: 31 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Schuerman, Lode: 25 articles (01/2014 - 11/2002)
4.	Halperin, Scott A: 25 articles (01/2014 - 05/2002)
5.	Bock, Hans L: 20 articles (09/2012 - 09/2002)
6.	Jacquet, Jeanne-Marie: 19 articles (08/2011 - 01/2005)
7.	Friedland, Leonard R: 17 articles (02/2015 - 04/2006)
8.	Smith, Philip J: 16 articles (04/2014 - 01/2004)
9.	Rodrigues, Amabelia: 15 articles (09/2014 - 06/2003)
10.	Klein, Nicola P: 14 articles (05/2014 - 04/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Tetanus:

1.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2002 - "Although safe and effective vaccines are available to protect against tetanus in the United States and vaccination rates are high, cases of tetanus among children continue to occur. " 09/24/2010 - "subtilis tetanus vaccines administered IN to mice appear safe, heat-stable, and protective against lethal tetanus challenge." 01/01/2005 - "Against the background of animal protection, the goal of one project of the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry for Education and Research), 0312636) was to establish an alternative to the toxin neutralisation test, enabling the testing of efficacy of tetanus vaccines with serological in vitro methods. " 01/01/2005 - "The marketing authorisation requirements stipulate that efficacy of tetanus vaccines ad us. " 12/01/2001 - "Protection against tetanus by needle-free inoculation of adenovirus-vectored nasal and epicutaneous vaccines."
2.	ToxoidsIBA 02/01/1992 - "The study of tetanus toxoids obtained from different manufacturers in the USSR has shown that these preparations exhibit molecular heterogeneity. " 01/01/1970 - "The need for determination of the international unitage of tetanus toxoids used in human studies and the confirmation of relationship of this value to persistence of antitoxin levels is emphasized." 01/01/1970 - "Although there was marked variation between HA and TN titres of individual sera, results indicated that haemagglutination is a useful procedure for the over-all evaluation of the antitoxin responses to tetanus toxoids in field studies." 04/01/1965 - "[Experimental trials of tetanus immunization with toxoids obtained from extracts and integral bodies of tetanus bacilli]." 01/01/1961 - "[Study of the sensitizing properties of tetanus toxoids in experiment. "
3.	Pertussis VaccineIBA 07/18/2013 - "However, the WHO-estimated immunization coverage of 88% for 3 doses of Diptheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccine in Pakistan is likely an over-estimate. " 01/01/2013 - "HEU demonstrated stronger pertussis vaccine responses, developing protective titers 1 year earlier than HUU patients, and maintained higher anti-tetanus titers at 24 months of age. " 02/03/2007 - "Pneumococcal vaccination at the rate of diptheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine coverage was projected to prevent 262,000 deaths per year (7%) in children aged 3-29 months in the 72 developing countries studied, thus averting 8.34 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) yearly. " 12/01/2003 - "All monkeys were inoculated with diptheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine at 5 weeks of age to simulate human infant vaccination schedules. " 01/01/1969 - "Histological changes in the heart of animals, induced by immunization with heart tissue homogenate and diptheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine."
4.	Tetanus Toxoid (Vaccine, Tetanus)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "Rapid testing for tetanus on serum or blood allows for an immediate evaluation of individual protection against tetanus in developed countries, using a "single step" immunochromatographic technique using tetanus toxoid. " 06/01/1998 - "The data demonstrate that a limited-dose regimen of maternal tetanus toxoid provides significant and extended protection against the risk of neonatal tetanus death." 02/01/2014 - "A nonadjuvanted transcutaneous tetanus patch is effective in boosting anti-tetanus toxoid immune responses." 01/01/2005 - "Only active immunisation by tetanus vaccine provides effective protection against tetanus intoxication. " 04/01/1979 - "Immunization with tetanus toxoid was effective in reducing the incidence of tetanus."
5.	AntibodiesIBA 06/10/1994 - "Apart from the obvious age and sex dependency of the demonstrated inadequacy of immunological protection against tetanus, attention should also be paid to the lack of protective antibodies in newborns and the marked gaps of immunity among children." 06/01/2006 - "In the high-risk ALL group 7/9 patients had subprotective levels of tetanus antibodies after vaccination and concomitantly the lowest avidity, implying poor protection against tetanus. " 03/01/1999 - "The prevalence of antibodies versus tetanus was significantly greater in males than in females. " 05/01/1994 - "The geometric mean titer of antibodies against tetanus was significantly greater in the DTwP group than in the DTaP group. " 01/01/2013 - "None of the subjects showed antibodies against Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp. Italians and other European workers have better protection against tetanus (91%) compared to non-EU workers (81%). "
6.	AntigensIBA 12/01/2001 - "Laboratory studies reveal that immune responses to ubiquitous antigens are reconstituted, but that responses to rarely encountered antigens, such as tetanus, are not reconstituted without repeat vaccination. " 05/01/1994 - "Further studies showed that this vaccine preparation contained no biologically detectable tetanus antigen. " 01/01/1986 - "Serial studies of these individuals following a tetanus booster immunization showed that LCF was produced by antigen-challenged mononuclear cells obtained 1-5 days postimmunization, was produced optimally 5-15 days postimmunization, and was still produced by antigen-challenged mononuclear cells obtained 6 weeks later. " 10/01/1972 - "2. Studies in sheep on aerogenic hyperimmunization using tetanus antigen]." 01/01/1972 - "1. Studies on airborn hyperimmunization of horses using tetanus antigen and on treatment with tetanus hyperimmune serum]."
7.	Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine (DPT Vaccine)IBA 11/01/1997 - "Full protection against tetanus (titers > 0.1 IU/ml) was observed in the group of adults (0.37 IU/ml), in mothers (4.4 IU/ml) and their newborn offspring (5.5 IU/ml), and in children after receiving the second dose of DTP vaccine (1.86 IU/ml). " 05/01/2002 - "To assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a tetanus conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Act-Hib) when extemporaneously mixed and administered as a DTwP-Hib combination using an Indian DTwP vaccine (BE DTwP) in comparison with a licensed DTwP-Hib combination vaccine. " 09/01/1996 - "Priming with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine enhances the response to the Haemophilus influenzae type b tetanus conjugate vaccine in infancy." 02/05/1992 - "Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine on responses to concurrently administered diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine." 10/01/1991 - "Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus type b-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine, mixed in the same syringe with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in young infants."
8.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 01/01/1990 - "A simplified passive haemagglutination (PHA) screening test, an improved quantitative PHA assay, and a stable test cell preparation are described, as well as a comprehensive testing strategy which have been used in concert at this Service over the past 10 years for the successful accession of high-titre tetanus anti-toxin (TAT) plasma for fractionation into human tetanus immunoglobulin (HTIG). " 01/01/1990 - "An improved assay for human tetanus anti-toxin and its use in the accession of human plasma for the production of high-titre tetanus immunoglobulin." 09/22/1984 - "Intrathecal serotherapy appears to be effective in the treatment of tetanus, and it has been claimed that human immune globulins are innocuous. " 09/01/2011 - "Intrathecal anti-tetanus immunoglobulin in addition to the standard improved the outcome of neonatal tetanus in terms of mortality and hospital stay." 05/01/1991 - "For the program to eliminate tetanus neonatorum in this country, we have improved the sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay kit (EIA kit) prepared on 1987 for the detection of human tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) by competitive principle. "
9.	Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines (Tripedia)FDA Link 07/01/2011 - "We provide an overview of 16 years of clinical experience with a diphtheria (D), tetanus (T), aP, IPV and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus protein (PRP∼T) combined vaccine (DTaP-IPV//PRP∼T - Pentaxim, Sanofi Pasteur, France). " 03/01/2009 - "More recently, a refinement of this method based on dermal temperature measurement has been developed for ACVs in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines (DTaP). " 01/01/1996 - "Tetanus antibody was higher pre- and post-vaccination for DTwP versus both DTaP vaccine groups, and diphtheria antibody was similar pre- and post-vaccination for all 3 groups. " 11/01/2014 - "Children who had received 5 previous doses of any diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine were enrolled in a phase IV clinical trial; 646 10-year-olds and 645 11-year-olds completed the study, which involved a single intramuscular dose of Tdap5 along with pre- and postvaccination serologies. " 06/01/2015 - "From this cohort, infants were divided into three groups: (1) those who received a RVV, (2) those receiving a diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine before the introduction of RVV (February 2006), and (3) those receiving DTaP without a concurrent RVV during the period of RVV availability. "
10.	Combined VaccinesIBA 01/01/2013 - "In this study, we investigated the effect of HibT containing combination vaccines on anti-tetanus potencies by using animal models (mouse, guinea pig, and rat). " 12/01/2012 - "In adults with a tetanus-prone injury, combined vaccines such as Tdap-IPV (REPEVAX®) can boost immunity against several diseases simultaneously. " 05/01/2012 - "Immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus conjugate vaccine when administered separately or in combined vaccines for primary immunization in two consecutive national schedules in Turkey." 11/30/1980 - "In tetanus prevention it is of basic importance to establish and maintain active immunity by means of combined vaccines. " 08/01/1974 - "[The duration and intensity of antitoxic tetanus immunity in children inoculated with combined vaccines]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 02/01/1990 - "Intensive care has markedly improved the prognosis of tetanus; the main problems at present are difficulty of early diagnosis and treatment of complications of the most serious cases." 12/08/2007 - "Survival of tetanus patients has improved substantially for those treated in hospitals with modern intensive-care facilities; however, such facilities are often unavailable where the tetanus burden is highest. " 11/01/2004 - "Impact of improved vaccination programme and intensive care facilities on incidence and outcome of tetanus in southern Vietnam, 1993-2002." 04/01/1985 - "Although low mortality from tetanus is possible with improved intensive care technology, the disease should be virtually preventable by the provision of proper tetanus prophylaxis to all patients at risk." 07/01/1987 - "These studies show the results of intensive care management of 306 consecutive patients with tetanus compared with 335 patients treated conservatively in the same hospital before the institution of the ICU. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 08/01/2008 - "One hundred eighteen patients were randomized to receive either ALVAC before and concomitantly with chemotherapy (n = 39), ALVAC with tetanus adjuvant before and concomitantly with chemotherapy (n = 40), or chemotherapy followed by ALVAC (n = 39). " 02/01/2002 - "Pharmacotherapy of tetanus--a review." 12/01/1971 - "Drug therapy today: drugs for treating tetanus." 04/01/1951 - "[Modern drug therapy of tetanus]." 09/01/1977 - "Three infants with congenital neuroblastoma received a primary series of diptheria-pertassis-tetanus (DPT) immunizations during and after courses of chemotherapy with immunosuppressive medications. "
3.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 03/01/1977 - "[Comparative studies, in young recruits, of anti-tetanus antibody levels electrosyneresis: agglutination of sensitized latex particles and protection in the mouse]." 05/01/2003 - "An experimental divalent vaccine based on biodegradable microspheres induces protective immunity against tetanus and diphtheria." 05/01/2003 - "The microspheres provided increasing levels of antibodies, during the 16 weeks of testing, and the antibodies were weakly polarized towards tetanus. " 05/01/2003 - "In conclusion, this study showed that a single administration of biodegradable microsphere vaccines provided protective immunity against diphtheria and tetanus, and that this immunization approach might be feasible for multivalent vaccines." 07/01/2009 - "Polymeric microspheres containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were prepared without protein stabilizers. "
4.	Postnatal Care 11/11/1995 - " Two years later safe motherhood indicators had improved; postnatal care increased from 16% to 49%; medical deliveries increased from 27% to 37%; the share of families with contraceptive acceptance increased from 7% to 21%; and tetanus vaccination among mothers was estimated to have increased from 27% to 86%." 01/01/2011 - "The panel estimated that neonatal tetanus mortality was reduced by clean birth practices at home (30% (IQR(20-30)), or in a facility (38% (IQR 34-40)), and by clean postnatal care practices (40% (IQR 30-50)). " 04/01/1983 - " Reduction measures include tetanus vaccination, diarrheal therapy and family planning measures; 2) Births to mothers less than 15 years of age have higher mortality and therefore mothers less than 20 years of age should receive special attention and postnatal care; 3) Children born following a short interval since the previous birth are at high mortality risk; since this risk persists for the 1st 2 years, concern for these children cannot be dropped immediately after birth. " 01/01/2011 - "According to expert opinion, clean birth and particularly postnatal care practices are effective in reducing neonatal mortality from sepsis and tetanus. " 01/01/2011 - "To review the evidence for clean birth and postnatal care practices and estimate the effect on neonatal mortality from sepsis and tetanus for the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). "
5.	Injections 01/01/2003 - "Tetanus vaccination coverage was 98.4% for the first, 97.8% for the second and 96.7% for the third dose, while 55.4% of the study subjects received the recommended two booster injections. " 01/01/1966 - "Those in the control group given 2 or 3 injections had a tetanus neonatorum death rate of 7.8 deaths per 100 births, and the corresponding subjects in the study group had none. " 06/01/2015 - "To improve tetanus prevention, new vaccine recommendations have been established which recommend vaccine's injections at fixed age, but their impact seems to be limited especially in the elderly. " 12/01/2012 - "In response, routine prophylactic injections with anti-tetanus serum were given to wounded soldiers removed from the firing line. " 01/01/2012 - "There was significantly less immunological response for HIB and tetanus and more local reactions in the combined injections. "