Congenital Syphilis (Hutchinson's Teeth)

Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.

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Networked: 331 relevant articles (16 outcomes, 17 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Syphilis
2.	Infection
3.	Hydrops Fetalis (Fetal Edema)
4.	Latent Syphilis
5.	Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Sexually Transmitted Disease)

Experts

1.	Wendel, George D: 3 articles (08/2010 - 06/2002)
2.	Lee, Bonita E: 2 articles (01/2015 - 05/2011)
3.	Singh, Ameeta E: 2 articles (01/2015 - 05/2011)
4.	Kamb, Mary L: 2 articles (02/2014 - 01/2010)
5.	Newman, Lori M: 2 articles (01/2013 - 01/2010)
6.	Sánchez, Pablo J: 2 articles (10/2002 - 06/2002)
7.	Albright, Catherine M: 1 article (09/2015)
8.	Hughes, Brenna L: 1 article (09/2015)
9.	Werner, Erika F: 1 article (09/2015)
10.	Emerson, Jenna B: 1 article (09/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Congenital Syphilis:

1.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 11/01/2008 - "Six presumptive cases of congenital syphilis with IgM western blot positive results were found. " 06/01/2012 - "The importance of IgM positivity in laboratory diagnosis of gestational and congenital syphilis." 09/01/2007 - "We compared an in-house Treponema pallidum IgM immunoblot (IB) with a 19S fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (IgM) test during routine use for the diagnosis of congenital syphilis (CS) in a national reference laboratory in a nonendemic setting. " 09/01/2007 - "Comparison of a Treponema pallidum IgM immunoblot with a 19S fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test for the diagnosis of congenital syphilis." 02/01/2004 - "Evaluation of a Treponema pallidum-specific IgM enzyme immunoassay and Treponema pallidum western blot antibody detection in the diagnosis of maternal and congenital syphilis."
2.	Penicillin G Benzathine (LPG)FDA Link 10/15/2002 - "Currently recommended doses of benzathine penicillin G are effective in preventing congenital syphilis in most settings, although studies are needed regarding increased dosing regimens. " 01/01/1997 - "Although the exact failure rate is unknown, benzathine penicillin is effective in preventing symptomatic congenital syphilis when administered to high-risk newborns." 01/01/1997 - "To determine the efficacy of single-dose benzathine penicillin G in infants at high risk of congenital syphilis. " 01/01/1997 - "Single-dose benzathine penicillin in infants at risk of congenital syphilis--results of a randomised study." 01/01/2013 - "The risk of treating pregnant women with benzathine penicillin to prevent congenital syphilis appears very low and does not outweigh its benefits. "
3.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 05/01/1949 - "The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in early congenital syphilis; a study of 93 patients treated with penicillin alone." 06/01/2015 - "With RST scale-up in Zambia and other resource-limited settings, same-day test and treatment with penicillin should be prioritized to achieve the goal of eliminating congenital syphilis." 01/01/2014 - "The cornerstone of congenital syphilis control is antenatal screening and treatment of mothers with penicillin and in affluent countries it should be strengthened among those at high risk. " 01/01/2013 - "In 1943, Lentz and Ingraham established penicillin treatment for congenital syphilis. " 10/01/2012 - "The cornerstone of congenital syphilis control is prenatal screening and the treatment of infected mothers with penicillin, an effective and economical intervention. "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/1952 - "[Antitreponema and antilipoid antibodies in serum in mother and in child in congenital syphilis; studies in the umbilical cord, in newborn, and in infant]." 02/05/1983 - "[Type I antimitochondrial antibodies in congenital syphilis]." 12/01/1980 - "The results of five serological tests (three specific and two non-specific) in nine neonates with congenital syphilis are compared with those obtained in three with passively acquired antibodies. " 03/01/1959 - "III. Localization and concentration of flocculating and deviating antibodies in late, neurological and congenital syphilis]." 01/01/2015 - "Serologic tests for syphilis remain important in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis and are complicated by the passive transfer of maternal antibodies which can affect the interpretation of reactive serologic tests in the infant. "
5.	Cocaine (Cocaine HCl)IBA 02/01/1997 - "Similarly, the incidence of positive RPR/FTA-ABS (11% vs 4.6%) and congenital syphilis (8% vs 2.3%) was significantly (p < 0.01) higher among infants with cocaine-positive results compared with those with cocaine-negative results. " 02/01/1997 - "We conclude that maternal illicit drug use, specifically cocaine, is significantly related to the resurgence of congenital syphilis among newborn infants." 02/01/1997 - "The resurgence of congenital syphilis: a cocaine-related problem." 11/01/1996 - "Continued cocaine use was the single most important risk factor for delivering another infant with congenital syphilis (p < 0.0001). " 05/01/1993 - "In quartile-specific analyses of African American women and newborns, rates of congenital syphilis increased from 1.9 to 14.6 in the highest cocaine-exposure quartile; from 2.1 to 12.4 in the third; from 1.5 to 7.6 in the second; and, from 1.6 to 2.8 in the lowest cocaine-exposure quartile. "
6.	Complementary DNA (cDNA)IBA 01/01/2015 - "Improved education regarding CDNA criteria for notification of congenital syphilis is necessary for clinicians and public health staff. " 01/01/2015 - "Twenty cases (95%) fulfilling CDNA criteria for probable congenital syphilis were not notified over the study period. " 01/01/2015 - "Emerging evidence has supported the recent simplification of CDNA criteria for notification of congenital syphilis, effective 1 July 2015. " 01/01/2015 - "Risk classification was performed based on local guidelines, and CDNA criteria for probable/confirmed cases of congenital syphilis were applied to determine whether cases were appropriately notified. " 01/01/2015 - "To determine whether cases of congenital syphilis in the Northern Territory between 2009 and 2014 were correctly notified based on probable or confirmed case criteria stipulated by the Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). "
7.	Rheumatoid FactorIBA 01/01/1993 - "Congenital syphilis: the diagnostic value of the rheumatoid factor in symptomatic patients." 10/01/1989 - "Rheumatoid factor in congenital syphilis." 11/21/1987 - "Rheumatoid factor was evaluated as a screening test for congenital syphilis. " 11/21/1987 - "Rheumatoid factor in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis." 08/01/1989 - "Even though IgM rheumatoid factor was found in all of the children tested with definite congenital syphilis, the rheumatoid factor did not cause false-positive results in either the VDRL ELISA or the flagellum ELISA. "
8.	AntigensIBA 03/01/1989 - "pallidum antigens with apparent molecular masses of 72, 47, 45, 42, 37, 17, and 15 kDa was observed among sera of infants with congenital syphilis. " 11/01/1977 - "Cells from some older babies with active congenital syphilis were reactive to both antigens." 03/01/1989 - "Molecular analysis of the fetal IgM response to Treponema pallidum antigens: implications for improved serodiagnosis of congenital syphilis." 07/01/1993 - "Diagnosis of congenital syphilis by combining Treponema pallidum-specific IgM detection with immunofluorescent antigen detection for T. " 10/01/1992 - "A specific IgM response to T pallidum antigens, particularly the 47-kd antigen, was detected in the CSF of some infants with clinical and laboratory evidence of congenital syphilis. "
9.	Antigen-Antibody Complex (Immune Complex)IBA 04/01/1991 - "The relationship between circulating immune complexes and liver involvement was monitored, and the efficacy of steroid therapy as an adjunct in the treatment of congenital syphilis was investigated. " 11/01/1988 - "Characterization of the components in circulating immune complexes from infants with congenital syphilis." 07/01/1979 - "The glomerulonephritis of congenital syphilis is thought to be immune-complex mediated. " 10/01/1991 - "It is postulated that IgM RF may add to immune complex deposition and exacerbate tissue damage in congenital syphilis." 11/01/1988 - "Immunoglobulin class-specific Clq-solid-phase assays were used to detect circulating immune complexes in the sera of infants with congenital syphilis. "
10.	LatexIBA 01/01/1993 - "In areas where the prevalence of congenital syphilis is high, the RF latex test is useful for rapid diagnosis of the condition while confirmatory tests are awaited." 10/01/1989 - "Although a negative RF latex test cannot be used to exclude congenital syphilis in an asymptomatic infant, a positive test in the presence of maternal syphilis should lead one to strongly suspect congenital syphilis." 01/01/1993 - "The rheumatoid factor (RF) latex test was used as a side-room investigation for congenital syphilis. " 10/01/1989 - "The rheumatoid factor (RF) latex test was evaluated as a test for congenital syphilis. " 12/01/1980 - "It appeared that the serological diagnosis of congenital syphilis must be based on the finding of specific neonatal antibodies in cord serum, which give positive results to the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test for immunoglobulin M, together with high titres of total IgM and negative results to latex tests. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Prenatal Care 02/01/2013 - "This study evaluates the incidence of congenital syphilis in the Brazilian state of Ceará from 2000 to 2009, describes the epidemiologic profile of pregnant women whose newborns had congenital syphilis and verifies the receipt of prenatal care and treatment of their partners. " 06/01/2013 - "Thus, the quality of prenatal care was insufficient to guarantee the control of congenital syphilis and achieve the goal of reducing incidence of the disease." 05/01/2013 - "The risk factors for congenital syphilis are closely related to the health of the mother, reflecting the lack of adequate prenatal care. " 02/01/2013 - "The incidence of congenital syphilis is a quality indicator of prenatal care. " 06/01/2012 - "Despite the increase in prenatal care coverage, the actions implemented still exhibit low effectiveness in the prevention of congenital syphilis. "
2.	Intramuscular Injections 02/01/1989 - "The intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units weekly for 3 consecutive weeks to syphilitic pregnant women was again confirmed to be clinically effective for prevention of their neonates from congenital syphilis and well accepted as treatment for syphilis in pregnancy. "
3.	Nursing Care 12/25/1967 - "[Study and nursing care of infants with congenital syphilis]." 01/01/1992 - "Pediatric nurse practitioners who are knowledgeable about congenital syphilis, its manifestations, and associated nursing care needs will serve as case managers for children and their families with this diagnosis."
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 09/01/1994 - "Patients were examined at 2 to 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment; treatment failure was defined as clinical signs or persistent laboratory evidence of congenital syphilis. " 08/01/1976 - "After treatment the antibody usually disappeared within one year, but it persisted in a minority of patients, including some treated for late symptomatic or congenital syphilis. " 09/09/1960 - "[The results of the Nelson test in recent congenital syphilis after treatment]." 01/01/2012 - "One neonate experienced congenital syphilis because the adequately treated mother developed re-infection after treatment. " 03/01/1951 - "Macular atrophy occurring in congenital syphilis five years after treatment."
5.	Blood Transfusion (Blood Transfusions) 12/01/2005 - "The infection can also be transmitted vertically resulting in congenital syphilis, and occasionally by blood transfusion and non-sexual contact. " 09/16/2000 - "The epidemiological aspects of this case suggest either a late congenital syphilis or an infection as a result of a blood transfusion administered seven years earlier in Guinea-Bissau. " 05/01/1950 - "[Late focal lesions of acquired congenital syphilis: conclusions on the transmission of syphilis by blood transfusion]."