Syndactyly (Polysyndactyly)

A congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by the webbing between adjacent fingers or toes. Syndactylies are classified as complete or incomplete by the degree of joining. Syndactylies can also be simple or complex. Simple syndactyly indicates joining of only skin or soft tissue; complex syndactyly marks joining of bony elements.

Also Known As:

Networked: 477 relevant articles (11 outcomes, 11 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Polydactyly (Polydactylism)
2.	Keloid
3.	Eye Abnormalities (Eye Abnormality)
4.	Craniosynostoses (Craniosynostosis)
5.	Cleft Lip (Harelip)

Experts

1.	Sahin, Cihan: 3 articles (10/2015 - 08/2013)
2.	Karagoz, Huseyin: 3 articles (10/2015 - 08/2013)
3.	Elliott, Alison M: 3 articles (02/2015 - 07/2004)
4.	Antzelevitch, Charles: 3 articles (01/2015 - 02/2011)
5.	Grzeschik, Karl-Heinz: 3 articles (12/2014 - 01/2007)
6.	Wollnik, Bernd: 3 articles (11/2014 - 01/2010)
7.	Czeizel, Andrew E: 3 articles (07/2014 - 05/2005)
8.	Ogino, Toshihiko: 3 articles (03/2012 - 12/2003)
9.	Willecke, Klaus: 3 articles (08/2009 - 10/2007)
10.	Dobrowolski, Radoslaw: 3 articles (08/2009 - 10/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Syndactyly:

1.	Methotrexate (Mexate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "A strong association has been reported between keloid formation after syndactyly reconstruction and primary digital enlargement, and methotrexate (MTX) treatment has been shown to produce promising results in a few reported cases. " 03/01/2004 - "The purpose of this study is 3-fold: to review our cases of keloid formation after syndactyly release, to report a clinical association between primary enlargement of the digits and risk of keloid formation, and to report treatment using low-dose, short-term methotrexate as an adjunct to revision surgery. " 07/01/2011 - "The use of methotrexate to suppress keloid formation after release of syndactyly and for control of recurrence after surgery for keloid is effective." 07/01/2011 - "Keloid formation after syndactyly release in patients with associated macrodactyly: management with methotrexate therapy." 04/01/2012 - "Based on human case reports of methotrexate exposure during pregnancy, a methotrexate embryopathy has been described that includes growth deficiency, microcephaly, hypoplasia of skull bones, wide fontanels, coronal or lambdoidal craniosynostosis, upswept frontal scalp hair, broad nasal bridge, shallow supraorbital ridges, prominent eyes, low-set ears, maxillary hypoplasia, epicanthal folds, short limbs, talipes, hypodactyly, and syndactyly. "
2.	GD 7IBA 08/01/1985 - "Exencephaly resulted after EGME exposure between gd 7 to 10 whereas paw anomalies (syndactyly, oligodactyly, and stunted digit No. 1) predominated during later stages of development. " 11/01/2004 - "Our study examined morphologic alterations in fetal limb and digital development and placental integrity following maternal exposure to MNU on GD 9 in CD-1 mice, and characterized the improvement in placental integrity and abrogation of fetal defects following maternal immune stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on GD 7. Fetal limbs were significantly shortened (p < 0.0001) and incidence of limb and digital defects (syndactyly, polydactyly, oligodactyly, clubbing, and webbing) was dramatically increased following mid-gestational maternal MNU exposure. "
3.	Interferon-gamma (Interferon, gamma)IBA 11/01/2004 - "Our study examined morphologic alterations in fetal limb and digital development and placental integrity following maternal exposure to MNU on GD 9 in CD-1 mice, and characterized the improvement in placental integrity and abrogation of fetal defects following maternal immune stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on GD 7. Fetal limbs were significantly shortened (p < 0.0001) and incidence of limb and digital defects (syndactyly, polydactyly, oligodactyly, clubbing, and webbing) was dramatically increased following mid-gestational maternal MNU exposure. "
4.	Timothy syndromeIBA 03/01/2015 - "To examine the efficacy of preoperative electrocardiogram (EKG) screening for Timothy syndrome, a rare and fatal condition characterized by prolonged QT, in children referred for syndactyly release. " 11/01/2015 - "She has similar facial features to Timothy syndrome type 1 without syndactyly. " 11/01/2015 - "Timothy syndrome type 2 was originally reported to be associated with a more severe cardiac phenotype but without syndactyly. " 03/01/2015 - "To improve patient safety, some have advocated preoperative EKG testing for all children undergoing syndactyly release to rule out Timothy syndrome. " 01/01/2014 - "One atypical form of LQTS, Timothy syndrome (TS), is associated with syndactyly, immune deficiency, cognitive and neurological abnormalities as well as distinct cranio-facial abnormalities. "
5.	Poikiloderma of KindlerIBA 10/01/1994 - "Results in our patient 2 years after correction demonstrate that syndactyly release in Kindler syndrome can be accomplished effectively, with improvement in both function and appearance." 01/01/2003 - "Syndactyly repair in Kindler syndrome." 10/01/1994 - "In this report, a patient with Kindler syndrome underwent surgical treatment of acquired syndactylies. " 10/01/1994 - "Release of acquired syndactylies in Kindler syndrome." 10/01/1994 - "Fusion of the digits secondary to blistering and scarring, "pseudosyndactyly," has been reported in several patients with Kindler syndrome; however, surgical correction of the syndactylies in these patients has not been described. "
6.	Caffeine (No Doz)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1987 - "Caffeine suppressed all types of digital defects in the fore- and hindlimbs except for syndactyly induced by 1.0 mg/kg of 5-AC; it was still effective when administered 24 hours after 5-AC treatment. "
7.	type 2 SyndactylyIBA 09/01/2008 - "Our results suggest that the Sfrp2 deleted mice can be a useful animal model to study human syndactyly/preaxial synpolydactyly defects." 01/01/2014 - "Synpolydactyly (SPD, OMIM 186000) is a rare congenital limb disorder characterized by syndactyly between the third and fourth fingers and between the fourth and fifth toes, with partial or complete digit duplication in the syndactylous web. " 11/01/2013 - "Human synpolydactyly (SPD), belonging to syndactyly (SD) II, is caused by mutations in homeobox d13 (HOXD13). " 05/10/2012 - "Human synpolydactyly (SPD), belonging to syndactyly (SD) II, is an inherited autosomal-dominant limb malformation characterized by SD of finger 3 or 4 or toe 4 or 5, usually with digit duplication. " 10/01/2011 - "Synpolydactyly 1 (SPD1; OMIM 186000), also known as type II syndactyly, is a dominantly inherited limb malformation that is characterized by an increased number of digits. "
8.	disodium salt olean-11,13(18)-diene-3,30-diol dihemiphthalateIBA 11/01/2011 - "The purposes of this study were to investigate the incidence of the reported associated conditions in the families of our patients with ODDD, correlate them with the severity of syndactyly, and provide better counseling with more accurate information for these patients and families. " 11/01/2011 - "In addition, associated ophthalmologic, dental, and developmental conditions are frequent and a heightened awareness will allow appropriate referrals for patients with ulnar-sided syndactyly in ODDD. " 11/01/2011 - "Hand surgeons are often the first specialists to see patients with oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), when infants with ulnar-sided syndactyly are referred. " 10/01/2007 - "In patients, the I31M and G138R mutations showed all phenotypic characteristics of ODDD, whereas G143S did not result in facial abnormalities and H194P mutated patients exhibited no syndactylies. " 10/01/2007 - "Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is a dominantly inherited human disorder associated with different symptoms like craniofacial anomalies, syndactyly and heart dysfunction. "
9.	Hereditary renal agenesisIBA 05/01/2015 - "Cenani-Lenz syndrome (CLS) is an autosomal recessive condition characterised by a unique pattern of syndactyly, and variable penetrance of renal agenesis and facial dysmorphism. " 01/01/2015 - "We describe for the first time two cases in which KS was suspected during fetal life because of the family context and malformation detection by fetal ultrasound: syndactyly or unilateral renal agenesis in subjects with respectively FGFR1 and KAL1 mutations. " 12/01/1989 - "A five year study of the malformations Registry of the Rhone-Alpes-Auvergne-Jura area shows that the association between renal agenesis and syndactyly (with or without the eye abnormalities) is quite rare. " 01/01/2012 - "This fetus also had congenital heart defect, bilateral renal agenesis and syndactyly. " 09/01/2007 - "Bleb mutant mice are characterized by embryonic sub-epidermal blistering, unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis or dysgenesis, cutaneous syndactyly and fused eyelids. "
10.	Connexin 43 (Connexin43)IBA 08/01/2009 - "Therefore, we decided to study the molecular basis of syndactylies caused by Cx43 mutations. " 09/01/2007 - "Oculodentodigital dysplasia with mandibular retrognathism and absence of syndactyly: a case report with a novel mutation in the connexin 43 gene." 01/01/2013 - "However, characteristic ocular and dental features of ODDD as well as syndactyly are absent in patients with the recessive Arg239Gln Cx43 mutation. " 01/01/2013 - "Mutations in Cx43 cause several dominant and recessive disorders involving developmental abnormalities of bone such as dominant and recessive oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD; MIM #164200, 257850) and isolated syndactyly type III (MIM #186100), the characteristic digital anomaly in ODDD. " 08/01/2012 - "Dominant mutations in GJA1, the gene for Cx43, cause oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), a pleitropic disorder characterized by oculo-facial abnormalities including micropthalmia, microcornia and hypoplastic nares, syndactyly of the fourth to fifth fingers and dental abnormalities. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 08/01/2004 - "The authors' new improved surgical technique for the treatment of polysyndactyly of the toes does not require a skin graft and therefore avoids these problems. " 09/01/2015 - "To investigate the efficacy of congenital syndactyly correction with flexion crease and web space reconstruction using a dorsal hourglass-shaped flap without skin graft. " 04/01/2003 - "Therefore, based on the results of this study, either full- or split-thickness skin grafts can be used when treating of congenital syndactyly." 11/01/2015 - "The dorsal plane-shaped advancement flap without skin graft is a solution for web space reconstruction in simple syndactyly, especially in the foot." 11/01/2015 - "Several techniques have been described for web reconstruction without skin grafts in simple syndactyly. "
2.	Sutures (Suture) 06/01/2004 - "This case series demonstrates that good results can be achieved using absorbable sutures for syndactyly release. " 06/01/2004 - "Absorbable sutures help minimise patient discomfort and reduce cost in syndactyly release." 12/01/1999 - "Correction of syndactyly: advantages with a non-grafting technique and the use of absorbable skin sutures." 04/01/2011 - "Multi-suture craniosynostosis and polysyndactyly have been present in all patients described to date, and abnormal external genitalia have been universal in boys. " 04/01/2008 - "As an autosomal dominant disorder, Apert syndrome is mainly characterized by skull malformation resulting from premature fusion of craniofacial sutures, as well as syndactyly, etc. A P253R mutation of FGFR2 results in nearly one-thirds of the cases of Apert syndrome. "
3.	Osteotomy 07/01/1979 - "Early syndactyly release, pollicization, and rotational osteotomy of the metacarpals improved hand function in many of these patients. " 04/01/2004 - "These difficult surgical corrections may often include index transposition, metacarpal and/or phalangeal osteotomies, joint releases, phalangeal ostectomies, preservation of the adductor pollicis muscle, first dorsal interosseous muscle release, syndactyly separation(s) and thumb duplication correction. " 07/01/2003 - "Treatment can be separated into two phases, early (syndactyly releases) and late (functional osteotomies). " 02/01/2002 - "In these 10 patients, a total of 53 web spaces were released, 49 of which involved osteotomies for complex syndactyly. " 01/01/2012 - "The unilateral middle syndactyly mass division with osteotomy of the thumb and other digits and bone grafting (as required) was carried out in later surgeries, which are usually completed by 4 years of age. "
4.	Toothbrushing 01/01/2006 - "The patients displayed high plaque index and poor efficacy of toothbrushing, regardless of the presence of severe syndactyly; despite the plaque accumulation, the gingival index was not proportionally high. " 01/01/2006 - "The measurements included PHP index, dmft and DMFT indices, gingival index, comparison of PHP before and after non-supervised toothbrushing and between individuals with and without severe syndactyly. "
5.	Surgical Flaps 11/01/2011 - "Improved "bell-bottom" flap surgical technique for syndactyly without skin graft."