Syndactyly (Polysyndactyly)

A congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by the webbing between adjacent fingers or toes. Syndactylies are classified as complete or incomplete by the degree of joining. Syndactylies can also be simple or complex. Simple syndactyly indicates joining of only skin or soft tissue; complex syndactyly marks joining of bony elements.

Also Known As:

Networked: 353 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 13 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Polydactyly (Polydactylism)
2.	Keloid
3.	Congenital Abnormalities (Deformity)
4.	Brachydactyly
5.	Acrocephalosyndactylia (Apert Syndrome)

Experts

1.	Mundlos, Stefan: 4 articles (12/2021 - 03/2002)
2.	Brancati, Francesco: 3 articles (01/2022 - 08/2010)
3.	Fortugno, Paola: 3 articles (01/2022 - 08/2010)
4.	Tian, Xiaofei: 3 articles (11/2021 - 04/2017)
5.	Moriyama, Keiji: 3 articles (01/2021 - 10/2004)
6.	Dallapiccola, Bruno: 3 articles (08/2014 - 03/2003)
7.	Kiyozumi, Daiji: 3 articles (05/2012 - 08/2006)
8.	Sekiguchi, Kiyotoshi: 3 articles (05/2012 - 08/2006)
9.	Ogino, Toshihiko: 3 articles (03/2012 - 12/2003)
10.	Dobrowolski, Radoslaw: 3 articles (08/2009 - 10/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Syndactyly:

1.	Methotrexate (Mexate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "A strong association has been reported between keloid formation after syndactyly reconstruction and primary digital enlargement, and methotrexate (MTX) treatment has been shown to produce promising results in a few reported cases. " 01/01/2019 - "Keloid formation after syndactyly release in a patient with macrodactyly - methotrexate treatment." 07/01/2011 - "The use of methotrexate to suppress keloid formation after release of syndactyly and for control of recurrence after surgery for keloid is effective." 03/01/2004 - "The purpose of this study is 3-fold: to review our cases of keloid formation after syndactyly release, to report a clinical association between primary enlargement of the digits and risk of keloid formation, and to report treatment using low-dose, short-term methotrexate as an adjunct to revision surgery. " 07/01/2011 - "Keloid formation after syndactyly release in patients with associated macrodactyly: management with methotrexate therapy."
2.	GD 7IBA 08/01/1985 - "Exencephaly resulted after EGME exposure between gd 7 to 10 whereas paw anomalies (syndactyly, oligodactyly, and stunted digit No. 1) predominated during later stages of development. " 11/01/2004 - "Our study examined morphologic alterations in fetal limb and digital development and placental integrity following maternal exposure to MNU on GD 9 in CD-1 mice, and characterized the improvement in placental integrity and abrogation of fetal defects following maternal immune stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on GD 7. Fetal limbs were significantly shortened (p < 0.0001) and incidence of limb and digital defects (syndactyly, polydactyly, oligodactyly, clubbing, and webbing) was dramatically increased following mid-gestational maternal MNU exposure. "
3.	Triamcinolone Acetonide (Azmacort)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of surgery combined with triamcinolone acetonide injection in managing the difficult problem of keloid formation after syndactyly release. "
4.	Interferon-gamma (Interferon, gamma)IBA 11/01/2004 - "Our study examined morphologic alterations in fetal limb and digital development and placental integrity following maternal exposure to MNU on GD 9 in CD-1 mice, and characterized the improvement in placental integrity and abrogation of fetal defects following maternal immune stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on GD 7. Fetal limbs were significantly shortened (p < 0.0001) and incidence of limb and digital defects (syndactyly, polydactyly, oligodactyly, clubbing, and webbing) was dramatically increased following mid-gestational maternal MNU exposure. "
5.	Caffeine (No Doz)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1987 - "Caffeine suppressed all types of digital defects in the fore- and hindlimbs except for syndactyly induced by 1.0 mg/kg of 5-AC; it was still effective when administered 24 hours after 5-AC treatment. "
6.	disodium salt olean-11,13(18)-diene-3,30-diol dihemiphthalateIBA 11/01/2011 - "The purposes of this study were to investigate the incidence of the reported associated conditions in the families of our patients with ODDD, correlate them with the severity of syndactyly, and provide better counseling with more accurate information for these patients and families. " 11/01/2011 - "In addition, associated ophthalmologic, dental, and developmental conditions are frequent and a heightened awareness will allow appropriate referrals for patients with ulnar-sided syndactyly in ODDD. " 10/01/2007 - "In patients, the I31M and G138R mutations showed all phenotypic characteristics of ODDD, whereas G143S did not result in facial abnormalities and H194P mutated patients exhibited no syndactylies. " 10/01/2005 - "Patients with ODDD usually present with complete syndactyly of the fourth and fifth fingers (type III syndactyly), ocular changes, abnormalities of primary and permanent dentition and specific craniofacial malformations. " 02/15/2005 - "Careful clinical re-evaluation revealed that this family shows an atypical form of ODDD, characterized by the predominance of the ocular involvement and by the absence of hand and/or foot syndactyly. "
7.	polyalanineIBA 01/01/2021 - "The present study identified two nonframeshifting mutations of HOXD13 polyalanine repeat location in two Chinese families with postaxial polydactyly or postaxial syndactyly. " 01/01/2021 - "Furthermore, a more severe degree and classic SPD were associated with polyalanine mutations although missense variants were associated with brachydactyly and syndactyly in hands and feet and LOF variants with clinodactyly in hands. " 02/01/2007 - "In the family with complex brachydactyly and syndactyly, we detected a deletion of 21 bp in the imperfect GCN (where N denotes A, C, G, or T) triplet-containing exon 1 of HOXD13, which results in a polyalanine contraction of seven residues. " 08/15/2003 - "HOXD13 is the most 5' of the HOXD cluster of homeobox genes in chromosome band 2q31.1. Heterozygous expansions of a polyalanine tract in HOXD13 are typically associated with synpolydactyly characterized by insertional digit duplication associated with syndactyly. " 03/01/2002 - "As in human SPD, the spdh phenotype consists of central polydactyly, syndactyly and brachydactyly and is caused by the expansion of a polyalanine encoding repeat in the 5' region of the Hoxd13 gene. "
8.	Connexin 43 (Connexin43)IBA 08/01/2009 - "Therefore, we decided to study the molecular basis of syndactylies caused by Cx43 mutations. " 09/01/2007 - "Oculodentodigital dysplasia with mandibular retrognathism and absence of syndactyly: a case report with a novel mutation in the connexin 43 gene." 01/01/2013 - "However, characteristic ocular and dental features of ODDD as well as syndactyly are absent in patients with the recessive Arg239Gln Cx43 mutation. " 08/01/2012 - "Dominant mutations in GJA1, the gene for Cx43, cause oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), a pleitropic disorder characterized by oculo-facial abnormalities including micropthalmia, microcornia and hypoplastic nares, syndactyly of the fourth to fifth fingers and dental abnormalities. "
9.	Miconazole (Monistat)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2005 - "The possible association between the combination of vaginal metronidazole and miconazole treatment and poly-syndactyly Population-based case-control teratologic study."
10.	Metronidazole (Metric)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2005 - "The possible association between the combination of vaginal metronidazole and miconazole treatment and poly-syndactyly Population-based case-control teratologic study."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Skin Transplantation (Skin Grafting) 06/01/2014 - "The aim of the study was to describe the use of a bilobed flap for web formation of syndactyly release, which decreases the need for graft and also avoids the use of skin grafting in syndactyly cases. " 11/01/2011 - "This study describes the use of a modified "bell-bottom" flap for treatment of partial syndactyly release that may avoid the use of skin grafting. " 02/01/2023 - "Dorsal hand skin flaps have been described in order to avoid digit skin grafting in syndactyly release. " 01/01/2023 - "Syndactyly release with the use of the Pelnac™ artificial dermal substitute without skin grafting." 12/01/2021 - "We performed "gradation skin grafting" including the belt for syndactyly. "
2.	Osteotomy 07/01/1979 - "Early syndactyly release, pollicization, and rotational osteotomy of the metacarpals improved hand function in many of these patients. " 01/01/2020 - "Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the Vickers physiolysis procedure with osteotomy for correction of digital clinodactyly and determine which method provides better correction at final follow-up or whether the patient's age, preoperative angulation, or presence of syndactyly affects final outcomes. " 04/01/2004 - "These difficult surgical corrections may often include index transposition, metacarpal and/or phalangeal osteotomies, joint releases, phalangeal ostectomies, preservation of the adductor pollicis muscle, first dorsal interosseous muscle release, syndactyly separation(s) and thumb duplication correction. " 07/01/2003 - "Treatment can be separated into two phases, early (syndactyly releases) and late (functional osteotomies). " 02/01/2002 - "In these 10 patients, a total of 53 web spaces were released, 49 of which involved osteotomies for complex syndactyly. "
3.	Sutures (Suture) 06/01/2004 - "This case series demonstrates that good results can be achieved using absorbable sutures for syndactyly release. " 03/01/2023 - "In brief, a syndactyly release surgery involves the creation of the web space using a geometrical design of the surgeon's choice, defatting of finger flaps, separation of the digits, and closure with absorbable sutures. " 01/01/2020 - "Along with polysyndactyly, these mice exhibit premature fusion of multiple sutures resultant from aberrant osteoprogenitor proliferation and elevated osteogenesis in the suture. " 10/01/2017 - "Duplications, in contrast, caused not only dose-dependent upregulation but also misexpression of Ihh, leading to abnormal phalanges, fusion of sutures and syndactyly. " 06/01/2004 - "Absorbable sutures help minimise patient discomfort and reduce cost in syndactyly release."
4.	Surgical Flaps 11/01/2011 - "Improved "bell-bottom" flap surgical technique for syndactyly without skin graft." 04/01/2019 - "Interdigitating Rectangular Flaps and Dorsal Pentagonal Island Flap for Syndactyly Release." 02/01/2009 - "A modification of the Chinese island flap technique for simple incomplete syndactyly release." 07/01/2008 - "A design of the dorsal metacarpal artery flap was used as an island flap based on the direct cutaneous branch arising from the dorsal metacarpal artery at the distal end of the flap to reconstruct congenital web syndactyly. " 12/01/2004 - "We discuss the technical aspects and document our experience with the dorsal pentagonal metacarpal island flap for reconstruction of the web commissure in a series of 12 patients (22 webs) with syndactyly of varying complexity. "
5.	Toothbrushing 01/01/2006 - "The patients displayed high plaque index and poor efficacy of toothbrushing, regardless of the presence of severe syndactyly; despite the plaque accumulation, the gingival index was not proportionally high. " 01/01/2006 - "The measurements included PHP index, dmft and DMFT indices, gingival index, comparison of PHP before and after non-supervised toothbrushing and between individuals with and without severe syndactyly. "