Superoxides (Superoxide)

Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.

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Networked: 5570 relevant articles (154 outcomes, 522 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Salvemini, Daniela: 27 articles (12/2014 - 05/2002)
2.	Cuzzocrea, Salvatore: 22 articles (12/2014 - 02/2002)
3.	Marklund, Stefan L: 20 articles (04/2015 - 01/2004)
4.	Wolin, Michael S: 19 articles (04/2015 - 03/2003)
5.	Harrison, David G: 19 articles (12/2014 - 08/2002)
6.	Hwang, Tsong-Long: 18 articles (01/2015 - 09/2008)
7.	Chan, Pak H: 16 articles (09/2012 - 01/2002)
8.	Zalba, Guillermo: 15 articles (03/2014 - 08/2004)
9.	Andersen, Peter M: 14 articles (04/2015 - 01/2004)
10.	Brännström, Thomas: 14 articles (04/2015 - 01/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Inflammation 06/01/2010 - "Although most previous work has implicated the A(2A)AR, we have recently shown that selective activation of the abundantly expressed A(3)AR inhibits neutrophil superoxide production and chemotaxis providing a potential mechanistic explanation for the efficacy of A(3)AR agonists in experimental animal models of inflammation. " 02/01/1999 - "Superoxide anion may not play a major role in the genesis of inflammation in these rat inflammation models, and endotoxin-like contaminants may have contributed to some protective effects of SOD administration in previous studies." 12/01/2010 - "For this study, the activity of aqueous extracts on inflammation and the effect on superoxide anion production in mice macrophages were assayed. " 02/01/2009 - "By using a cell-based test assay, the study investigated the potential of the functional drinks to inactivate reactive superoxide anion radicals generated by inflammation-mediating cells as well as the effect on basal metabolism of these cells (antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential). " 01/01/2007 - "Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that ET(A) receptor blockade attenuates superoxide production and inflammation in the kidney of diabetic rats. "
2.	Anoxia (Hypoxia) 05/01/2005 - "This study confirms that specific AOXs, known to act primarily as superoxide scavengers, protect contractile function in severe hypoxia. " 06/01/2004 - "This study demonstrated no effect of increased superoxide anion concentration on cerebral blood flow during hyperoxic recovery following hypoxia." 06/01/2003 - "The present study hypothesized that superoxide (O2(-)*) importantly contributes to the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha expression at posttranscriptional levels in renal medullary interstitial cells (RMICs) of rats. " 10/01/1999 - "The aim of the present study was to determine the role of endothelium and superoxide in the responses of isolated mouse coronary arteries to hypoxia-reoxygenation. " 05/01/2015 - "Aside from the direct role of ROS on HIF-1a regulation under hypoxia and normoxia, we analyzed the effect of different sources and concentrations of NO and the interplay between superoxide (SO) and NO in this process. "
3.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) 01/01/2014 - "Our study shows that superoxide radicals participate in haemodynamic control, but acute superoxide scavenging is ineffective in glomerular and tubular improvement, probably due to hypertension-induced strong endothelial dysfunction which neutralizes beneficial effects of O2(-) scavenging." 08/01/2009 - "Results of our previous studies have suggested that enhanced generation of superoxide (O2(-)) may contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension in Ren-2 transgenic rats (TGR). " 06/01/2006 - "The present study was designed to determine the effect of superoxide on salt-induced hypertension in male and female ET(B)-deficient (sl/sl) and wild-type control (wt) rats. " 01/01/2006 - "This study was performed to examine the role of superoxide formation in the regulation of renal hemodynamic and excretory function and to assess its contribution in the pathogenesis of ANG II-dependent hypertension. " 06/01/2005 - "This study provides first published evidence that NOS III can reside in the uncoupled state in patients with hypertension and, to a greater extent, in patients with coexisting hypertension and diabetes, and that it contributes significantly to increased superoxide production in these disease states."
4.	Ischemia 12/01/2005 - "These results suggest that the effects of primary mechanical damage and secondary ischemia to cortical neurons are cumulative, and drugs that scavenge superoxide or reduce NO production may not be effective for treating the secondary ischemia that often accompanies TBI." 01/01/2002 - "The aim of this study was the online detection of superoxide concentration during reperfusion after a variable time of ischemia. " 09/01/1999 - "Using mice bearing a disruption of the CuZn-SOD gene (Sod1), the present study was designed to clarify the role of superoxide anion in the pathogenesis of selective vulnerability after transient global ischemia. " 04/01/1999 - "In the present study, it was found that the time course of superoxide production in ischemia-induced reperfused limbs showed a late polyphasic pattern without a significant initial peak, especially in the 6-hr ischemia group. " 04/14/1998 - "To determine whether increased SOD1 protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion, studies were performed in a newly developed transgenic mouse model in which direct measurement of superoxide, contractile function, bioenergetics, and cell death could be performed. "
5.	Reperfusion Injury 12/01/1991 - "Results of this study suggest that superoxide radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury in equine jejunal mucosa and that this may be of clinical importance in cases of small intestinal strangulation obstruction." 03/01/2015 - "These data suggest that ENBT1 activity is decreased in MVEC in response to the increased superoxide radical that is associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury. " 05/01/2009 - "Increased superoxide formation induced by irradiation preconditioning triggers kidney resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice." 11/01/2008 - "Thus, SOD mimetics protected mouse heart from superoxide-induced reperfusion injury. " 10/01/2006 - "The primary mechanism of cardioprotection appears to be antioxidant activity: potent direct scavenging of the lynchpin radical in ischemia-reperfusion injury, superoxide anion, has been documented in appropriate model systems. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Superoxide Dismutase
2.	NADPH Oxidase (NAD(P)H oxidase)
3.	Oxygen
4.	Hydroxyl Radical
5.	Nitric Oxide (Nitrogen Monoxide)
6.	Peroxynitrous Acid (Peroxynitrite)
7.	Reactive Oxygen Species (Oxygen Radicals)
8.	tempol
9.	Xanthine Oxidase
10.	Glutathione (Reduced Glutathione)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant)
2.	Resuscitation
3.	Radiotherapy
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
5.	Baths