Sunburn

An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.

Also Known As:

Networked: 602 relevant articles (49 outcomes, 53 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Erythema
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Inflammation
4.	Skin Neoplasms (Skin Cancer)
5.	Neoplasms (Cancer)

Experts

1.	Conney, Allan H: 8 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
2.	Rhodes, Lesley E: 7 articles (01/2016 - 09/2004)
3.	Lou, You-Rong: 7 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
4.	Lu, Yao-Ping: 7 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
5.	Halliday, Gary M: 7 articles (07/2013 - 08/2006)
6.	Nicolaou, Anna: 6 articles (01/2016 - 11/2009)
7.	Reeve, Vivienne E: 6 articles (07/2013 - 02/2004)
8.	Peng, Qing-Yun: 4 articles (01/2014 - 07/2004)
9.	Damian, Diona L: 4 articles (07/2013 - 10/2006)
10.	Mason, Rebecca S: 4 articles (07/2013 - 03/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Sunburn:

1.	Sunscreening Agents (Sunscreens)IBA 11/03/2010 - "However, most studies show little or no effect and the most likely reason for this is that sunscreens have not been applied in the manner that was used to determine their labelled index of protection against sunburn. " 03/01/2010 - "Sunscreens containing metal oxide nanoparticles appear transparent on the skin and provide excellent protection against sunburn caused by UV radiation. " 06/01/2012 - "Evidently, use of sunscreens is effective in prevention of sunburns in various models. " 01/01/1994 - "Limited sun exposure and proper use of sunscreens are the mainstay of treatment for prevention of sunburn. " 11/01/2009 - "RCM may therefore be used for classification of sunburn reaction and to test the efficacy of sunscreens on a cellular level."
2.	beta Carotene (Betacarotene)FDA Link 04/01/1995 - "Administered orally either as a single 120 mg dose to dietarily restricted subjects or for 23 d as a daily 90 mg supplement to subjects on standard diets, beta-carotene increased plasma and skin levels of beta-carotene compared to both pretreatment levels and placebo-treated controls, but provided no clinically or histologically detectable protection against a 3 MED sunburn reaction. " 03/01/2008 - "A review of literature until June 2007 was performed in PubMed, ISI Web of Science and EBM Cochrane library and identified a total of seven studies which evaluated the effectiveness of beta-carotene in protection against sunburn. " 03/01/2008 - "In this meta-analysis, we have systematically reviewed the existing literature on human supplementation studies on dietary protection against sunburn by beta-carotene. " 03/01/2008 - "Thus, dietary supplementation of humans with beta-carotene provides protection against sunburn in a time-dependent manner." 03/01/2008 - "The subsequent meta-analysis showed that (1) beta-carotene supplementation protects against sunburn and (2) the study duration had a significant influence on the effected size. "
3.	Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1996 - "We report that (in swine skin) vitamin C is capable of additive protection against acute UVB damage (sunburn cell formation) when combined with a UVB sunscreen. " 11/01/2002 - "Ascorbic acid has been shown to protect against sunburn, delay the onset of skin tumors, and reduce ultraviolet-B-radiation-induced skin wrinkling. " 09/01/2001 - "Betacarotene, ascorbic acid and tocopherol have been tested alone or in combination for prevention of sunburn, photodermatoses and photocarcinogenesis with divergent results. " 06/01/2003 - "The combination of 15% L-ascorbic acid and 1% alpha-tocopherol provided significant protection against erythema and sunburn cell formation; either L-ascorbic acid or 1% alpha-tocopherol alone also was protective but the combination was superior. " 09/01/1992 - "Topical application of vitamin C has been shown to elevate significantly cutaneous levels of this vitamin in pigs, and this correlates with protection of the skin from UVB damage as measured by erythema and sunburn cell formation. "
4.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 01/01/2008 - "For example, UV-light damaged DNA is repaired and if this is not possible, the DNA damaged cells are eliminated by apoptosis (sunburn cells). " 08/06/1999 - "DNA-damaged cells can either repair the DNA or be eliminated through a homeostatic control mechanism termed "cellular proofreading." Elimination of DNA-damaged cells after ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through sunburn cell (apoptotic keratinocyte) formation is thought to be pivotal for the removal of precancerous skin cells. " 10/01/2001 - "The aim of this study is to quantify the amount of UV-induced DNA damage (estimated via the measurement of DNA repair or unscheduled DNA synthesis or UDS) and cellular damage (estimated via the determination of the density of sunburn cells or SBC). " 08/01/2000 - "Studies on epidermis reconstructed with and without melanocytes: melanocytes prevent sunburn cell formation but not appearance of DNA damaged cells in fair-skinned caucasians." 06/01/2013 - "UVB is mainly responsible for sunburn and DNA dimer formation that can lead to mutation. "
5.	Caspase 3 (Caspase-3)IBA 02/01/2007 - "We found that following UVB irradiation there was a marked decrease in sunburn cell formation, caspase-3 activation and p53 accumulation in human reconstructed epidermis overexpressing CAT. " 01/01/2002 - "Time course studies indicated that UVB-induced increases in apoptotic sunburn cells were correlated with elevated levels of caspase 3, a key protease that becomes activated during an early stage of apoptosis. " 12/01/2013 - "The effect of our RP extract in terms of reduction of sunburn cell formation and of activated caspase-3 and TUNEL-positive cells was observed in both subsets of the experiment, RP2 having a slightly better protective effect as compared to RP1. " 04/01/2008 - "Following UVB irradiation, there was a marked decrease in sunburn cell formation, caspase-3 activation and p53 accumulation in human XPC-reconstructed epidermis overexpressing catalase. " 07/31/2007 - "Treatment of SKH-1 mice orally with caffeine (0.1 mg/ml in the drinking water), voluntary running wheel exercise, or a combination of caffeine and exercise for 2 weeks (i) decreased the weight of the parametrial fat pads by 35, 62, and 77%, respectively; (ii) decreased the thickness of the dermal fat layer by 38, 42, and 68%, respectively; (iii) stimulated the formation of UVB-induced apoptotic sunburn cells in the epidermis by 96, 120, and 376%, respectively; and (iv) stimulated the formation of UVB-induced caspase 3 (active form)-positive cells in the epidermis by 92, 120, and 389%, respectively (average of two experiments). "
6.	alpha-TocopherolFDA Link 08/01/1992 - "This observation suggests that treatment of sunburn may be possible even after the irradiation has stopped, by a derivative of d-alpha-tocopherol which is stable to autooxidation." 04/01/2008 - "In spite of the high alpha-tocopherol contents, the effects of alpha-tocopherol on sunburn and incidence of tumor were slight. " 06/01/2003 - "The combination of 15% L-ascorbic acid and 1% alpha-tocopherol provided significant protection against erythema and sunburn cell formation; either L-ascorbic acid or 1% alpha-tocopherol alone also was protective but the combination was superior. " 01/01/1998 - "Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E)." 10/01/2005 - "Its incorporation into a topical solution of 15%l-ascorbic acid and 1%alpha-tocopherol improved chemical stability of the vitamins (C+E) and doubled photoprotection to solar-simulated irradiation of skin from 4-fold to approximately 8-fold as measured by both erythema and sunburn cell formation. "
7.	VitaminsIBA 02/01/2005 - "The intake of vitamins C and E for a period of 3 mo significantly reduced the sunburn reaction to UVB irradiation. " 01/01/1998 - "Combined vitamins C and E reduce the sunburn reaction, which might indicate a consequent reduced risk for later sequelae of UV-induced skin damage. " 01/01/1998 - "Our purpose was to assess the protective effect of systemic vitamins C and E against sunburn in human beings. " 08/01/1994 - "After controlling for age, sex, cigarette smoking, number of lifetime severe sunburns, and skin actinic elastosis, regular vitamin supplementation was associated with a significantly reduced risk of BCC (odds ratio (OR) = 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.2-0.06). " 09/01/2007 - "However, when a stable formulation delivers a high concentration of the nonesterified, optimal isomer of the antioxidant, vitamins C and E do indeed inhibit the acute ultraviolet (UV) damage of erythema, sunburn, and tanning as well as chronic UV photoaging and skin cancer. "
8.	Vitamin DFDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1982 - "Tanning, protection against sunburn and vitamin D formation with a UV-A 'sun-bed'." 07/01/2012 - "The main objective of this study was to examine certain beliefs about vitamin D and associations with sun exposure, sun protection behaviors, and sunburns. " 09/01/1982 - "This study reports the effects of a sun-bed on skin colour, on the protection afforded against sunburn, and on vitamin D formation. " 05/01/2015 - "The mobile app provided advice on sun protection (ie, protection practices and risk of sunburn) and alerts (to apply or reapply sunscreen and get out of the sun), hourly UV Index, and vitamin D production based on the forecast UV Index, the phone's time and location, and user input. " 11/01/2014 - "Improving photoprotection attitudes in the tropics: sunburn vs vitamin D."
9.	Histamine (Histamine Dihydrochloride)FDA Link 03/01/1986 - "The finding that mast cells release histamine when irradiated in the presence of RHM suggests that the immediate and late-phase reactions seen in sunburn may in part be due to the release of mediators from these cells." 10/01/1981 - "These data provide the first evidence that histamine may mediate the early phase of the human sunburn reaction and increase our understanding of its complex histologic and biochemical sequelae." 10/01/2001 - "In this study we evaluated an assumptive anti-inflammatory effect of the nonsedative histamine H1-receptor antagonist, mizolastine, on UV-induced acute sunburn reaction. " 01/01/2015 - "A double-blind, randomized clinical study to determine the efficacy of benzocaine 10% on histamine-induced pruritus and UVB-light induced slight sunburn pain." 07/01/1982 - "In order to determine the effect of age on the capacity of human skin to mount an inflammatory response, the sunburn reaction was studied quantitatively in 4 subjects aged 22-26 yr and 7 subjects aged 62-86 yr. Buttock skin of each subject was exposed to 3 time his minimal erythema dose, using the Hanovia mercury vapor lamp; 1 micrometer histologic sections and determinations of histamine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from suction blister aspirates were used to monitor the reaction. "
10.	Melanins (Melanin)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Pharmacologic induction of epidermal melanin and protection against sunburn in a humanized mouse model." 03/01/2013 - "The specimens were stained to determine the number of sunburn cells and melanin content melanin. " 01/01/2012 - "According to their FT, both group A and B patients were divided into two subgroups: FT 1-2, with a higher tendency to sunburn due to their low skin melanin content; and FT 3-4 with a higher tendency to tan due to their higher skin melanin content. " 01/01/2005 - "It is assumed that skin is protected against sunburn by melanin. " 12/01/2001 - "We assessed the amount and type of melanin in 195 subjects in four centres across Europe, relating the results to epidemiological measures such as skin characteristics, history of sunburns and number of naevi. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Protective Clothing 10/01/2001 - "These findings highlight risk factors to be considered in the targeting of sunburn reduction strategies to high-risk groups and suggest that sun avoidance, seeking shade, and use of protective clothing may be effective in preventing sunburn." 01/01/2012 - "The current study examined the prevalence and correlates of sun protection and exposure behaviors (i.e., sunscreen use, shade seeking, use of sun protective clothing, and sunburns) among U.S. " 01/01/2012 - "Sun protection and exposure behaviors also varied according to individuals' Hispanic origin, with for example individuals of Mexican heritage having a higher rate of using sun protective clothing and experiencing sunburns than several other subgroups. " 01/01/2012 - "Greater acculturation was linked with both risky (i.e., not wearing sun protective clothing) and protective (i.e., using sunscreen) sun-related practices and with an increased risk of sunburns. " 09/01/2010 - "This intervention, which promoted sunless tanning as an alternative to UV tanning, had a short-term effect on sunbathing, sunburns, and use of protective clothing and a longer-term effect on sunbathing and sunless tanning. "
2.	Phototherapy (Light Therapy) 07/01/2010 - "Phototherapy poses the risk of sunburn, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. " 04/01/2007 - "Skin biopsies, collected at the start and end of the phototherapy were analysed for phosphorylated p53, Fas, Bcl-2, Bax and oxidized guaninosine, and for numbers of Langerhans and sunburn cells. " 11/01/1985 - "Ten volunteers received a series of exposures from three ultraviolet B sources to illustrate how variation in the spectral properties of phototherapy devices can lead to unanticipated and potentially severe sunburn reactions. " 12/01/2007 - "Data on potential confounding factors, including indoor vs. outdoor occupation and leisure activities, Fitzpatrick skin type, history of blistering sunburn, use of sunscreen and sun protective clothing, history of phototherapy, and level of education, were assessed and compared. " 04/07/1978 - "Photoaugmentation seems to be an important biological phenomenon in association with sunburn, pigmentation, photoxicity, phototherapy, photochemotherapy, and UV-light induced cutaneous premalignanacies and malignancies."
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2007 - "Lifetime history of sun exposure, episodes of sunburn, sunny holidays, sunscreen use, sun bed use, demographic and transplantation details were collected using interview, questionnaire and case note review. " 01/01/2003 - "The differences between cases and control subjects were not significant for sun exposure before or after the transplantation, sun protective measures, number of sunburns, outdoor occupation, smoking habits or use of sunbeds. " 01/01/2007 - "As both naevi and sunburn are risk factors for melanoma, we should target fair-skinned transplant recipients with naevi for intensive sun avoidance education. " 07/01/2010 - "The incidence of NMSC was significantly greater in patients who received cyclosporine immunosuppression therapy (16 vs 1; P < .05), had experienced 2 or more painful sunburns before transplantation (10 vs 11), or worked outdoors (10 vs 11). " 04/01/2010 - "Incidence of NMSC was significantly higher on patients who were treated with cyclosporine as immunosuppressant, who had more than 2 sunburns prior to transplantation, or had outdoor workplace ( p < 0.05). "
4.	Immunomodulation 06/15/2000 - "The major conclusions are that 1) transcription-coupled DNA repair is the dominant determinant in protection against acute skin effects; 2) systemic immunomodulation is only affected when both NER subpathways are compromised; and 3) sunburn is not related to UV-B-induced immunosuppression."
5.	Oral Administration 02/01/1997 - "Topical or oral administration with an extract of Polypodium leucotomos prevents acute sunburn and psoralen-induced phototoxic reactions as well as depletion of Langerhans cells in human skin." 12/15/2012 - "Understanding how oral administration of aroma terpenes can prevent sunburn or skin cancer in mice could lead to more effective and safer ways of blocking sun damage to human skin. " 01/01/2002 - "In an earlier study, we showed that oral administration of green tea or caffeine to SKH-1 mice for 2 weeks prior to a single application of UVB enhanced UVB-induced increases in the number of p53-positive cells, p21(WAF1/CIP1)-positive cells, and apoptotic sunburn cells in the epidermis. " 08/01/2002 - "Oral administration of green tea or caffeine to hairless SKH-1 mice for 2 weeks stimulated UV-induced increases in apoptotic sunburn cells in the epidermis, and a similar effect was observed when caffeine was applied topically immediately after UV. " 09/01/2000 - "Stimulatory effect of oral administration of green tea or caffeine on ultraviolet light-induced increases in epidermal wild-type p53, p21(WAF1/CIP1), and apoptotic sunburn cells in SKH-1 mice."