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Substance Withdrawal Syndrome (Withdrawal Symptoms)

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Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.

Also Known As:

Withdrawal Symptoms; Drug Withdrawal Symptom; Substance Withdrawal Syndromes; Symptom, Drug Withdrawal; Symptom, Withdrawal; Symptoms, Drug Withdrawal; Symptoms, Withdrawal; Syndrome, Substance Withdrawal; Syndromes, Substance Withdrawal; Withdrawal Symptom; Withdrawal Symptom, Drug; Withdrawal Symptoms, Drug; Withdrawal Syndrome, Substance; Withdrawal Syndromes, Substance; Drug Withdrawal Symptoms

Networked: 2508 relevant articles (174 outcomes, 353 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Seizures (Seizure)
3.	Weight Gain
4.	Constipation
5.	Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia)

Experts

1.	West, Robert: 17 articles (10/2015 - 07/2004)
2.	Ussher, Michael: 13 articles (10/2015 - 07/2004)
3.	Zvolensky, Michael J: 12 articles (07/2015 - 01/2004)
4.	Sofuoglu, Mehmet: 12 articles (04/2012 - 04/2003)
5.	Leventhal, Adam M: 11 articles (03/2015 - 12/2007)
6.	Kampman, Kyle M: 10 articles (11/2013 - 01/2002)
7.	O'Brien, Charles P: 10 articles (11/2013 - 01/2002)
8.	Ebbert, Jon O: 10 articles (01/2012 - 08/2002)
9.	al'Absi, Mustafa: 9 articles (09/2015 - 06/2002)
10.	Hajek, Peter: 9 articles (02/2015 - 01/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Substance Withdrawal Syndrome:

1.	Nicotine FDA Link 11/01/1995 - "Withdrawal symptom relief can be improved with more complete nicotine replacement. " 10/01/2015 - "Nonsmokers experienced significant reduction in nicotine craving and withdrawal symptoms. " 08/01/2007 - "Women with Childhood Onset weight problems reported first trying cigarettes at a significantly younger age than those with Later Onset (13 vs. 15 years of age, respectively), and they reported more nicotine withdrawal symptoms during smoking abstinence, with a significantly greater likelihood of endorsing anger/irritability and trouble concentrating. " 12/11/1991 - "All transdermal nicotine doses significantly decreased the severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and significantly reduced cigarette use by patients who did not stop smoking. " 07/01/2014 - "The combination of VLNC cigarettes and nicotine patch was more effective in reducing use of VLNC cigarettes and withdrawal symptoms among males than females, whereas females were equally responsive to VLNC cigarettes with and without the nicotine patch. "
2.	Buprenorphine (Subutex)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2004 - "The results indicate that 24 mg of sublingually administered buprenorphine beginning when the patient judges himself to be in a withdrawal state followed by another three days of daily administered and rapidly decreased doses resulted in a significant reduction of withdrawal symptoms. " 07/01/2000 - "Overall, the relief from opioid withdrawal symptoms and craving was better in the WeiniCom group than in the buprenorphine group. " 09/01/2001 - "The relative efficacy of quintuple and sextuple buprenorphine dosing in abating withdrawal symptoms for 120 h was compared in opioid-dependent outpatients. " 07/01/2000 - "The purposes of this double blind study were to evaluate (1) the efficacy of WeiniCom in reducing acute opioid withdrawal symptoms and craving, and (2) the side effects of WeiniCom, in each instance by comparing WeiniCom with buprenorphine, an established opioid detoxification treatment agent. " 08/01/2015 - "This study aims to explore Web-forum discussions about the use of buprenorphine to self-treat opioid withdrawal symptoms. "
3.	Methadone (Dolophine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Withdrawal symptoms, craving and compliance improved significantly after transfer to (R)-methadone. " 01/15/1977 - "There was a significant reduction in the frequency of withdrawal symptoms among infants born to mothers whose methadone dose at time of delivery was less than 20 mg (17.9 per cent). " 11/01/2003 - "Receiver Operator Characteristics analysis showed that 80% of the suggested methadone dose was effective in minimizing withdrawal symptoms. " 01/01/2013 - "Comparing methadone versus any other pharmacological treatment, we observed no clinical difference between the two treatments in terms of completion of treatment, 16 studies 1381 participants, risk ratio (RR) 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.21); number of participants abstinent at follow-up, three studies, 386 participants RR 0.98 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.37); degree of discomfort for withdrawal symptoms and adverse events, although it was impossible to pool data for the last two outcomes. " 10/01/2012 - "The present study has confirmed that the duration of mood change in the present study was shorter than the effect of methadone in stabilizing withdrawal symptoms. "
4.	BenzodiazepinesIBA 07/14/2001 - "Once the withdrawal symptoms have diminished, most patients have an improved psychological functioning compared to when they were using benzodiazepines. " 02/01/2014 - "Our preliminary results do not support the efficacy of high-dose DXM in reducing the need of benzodiazepines to treat withdrawal symptoms in alcohol-dependent patients. " 02/01/2013 - "Data indicate that patient subjective benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms were well managed, with significant reduction in psychological distress seen over the duration of treatment. " 01/01/2010 - "Administration of high doses of benzodiazepines is an effective treatment for these withdrawal symptoms." 08/17/2015 - "A subgroup of patients treated for alcohol withdrawal symptoms will exhibit symptoms resistant to first-line treatment with benzodiazepines. "
5.	Clonidine (ST 155)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Could clonidine be beneficial for acute opiate withdrawal symptoms in this population? " 12/06/1991 - "Clonidine pretreatment (200 micrograms/kg, i.p.) eliminated both the withdrawal symptoms and the DA decrease. " 10/11/1991 - "Pretreatment with clonidine (200 micrograms/kg, i.p.) reduced these withdrawal symptoms and eliminated the ACh response. " 09/01/1988 - "We conclude that transdermal clonidine treatment ameliorates some of the short-term withdrawal symptoms, especially craving, associated with smoking cessation." 06/01/2014 - "Overall, this study showed that clonidine administration difficulties associated with the treatment of opiate withdrawal symptoms can be reduced with the programmable CNT membrane transdermal system."
6.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1999 - "On day 5 of spontaneous abstinence from chronic morphine treatment (10-40 mg/kg morphine dose once daily for 5 days), when withdrawal symptoms were still present, even a lower morphine dose (5 mg/kg) was effective in decreasing ACh release in the NAc. " 06/01/2007 - "MNTX has been shown to improve oral-cecal transit times in opioid treated patients, induce laxation in chronic opioid users, and neither reverses the analgesic effects of morphine nor cause withdrawal symptoms. " 01/01/2015 - "Morphine (10 mg/kg) was administered every other day for 10 days or with increasing doses of morphine: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 100 mg/kg. The behavioral trials including morphine sensitization, Somatic Opiate Withdrawal Symptoms (SOWS) were conducted in a single, open field, activity. " 09/01/2014 - "The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera aqueous extract on morphine withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent female rats. " 05/01/2008 - "Opioid-dependent patients were admitted to an inpatient unit, stabilized for three days on morphine (25 mg, sc, every six hours), and randomly assigned on day 2 to DM/Q (30 mg/30 mg, twice a day) (n = 22) or matching placebo (n = 9) prior to the discontinuation of morphine on day 4. Withdrawal symptoms, measured with the Modified Himmelsbach Opioid Withdrawal Scale (MHOWS), increased significantly on days 4 and 5 (Z = 3.70, p = .0002), and by day 6, 90% of the sample (28/31) had dropped out of the study. "
7.	Naloxone (Narcan)FDA LinkGeneric 07/12/2012 - "This study demonstrated that cyclomethyline (2) and the corresponding enantiomers (R)-(-)-2 and (S)-(+)-2, displaying α2C-adrenoreceptor (AR) agonism/α2A-AR antagonism, similarly to allyphenyline (1) and its enantiomers, significantly decreased the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in mice at very low doses. " 12/01/1991 - "This study examined naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms from 24 to 168 h after pretreatment with a single 30-mg i.m. " 02/01/2015 - "Naloxone dose and route of administration can produce variable intensity of potential adverse reactions and opioid withdrawal symptoms: intravenous administration and higher doses produce more adverse events and more severe withdrawal symptoms in those individuals who are opioid dependent. " 09/01/2014 - "Test on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms was conduct to examine the physical dependence of mice on JYQP. " 01/01/2014 - "Two hours later, precipitated withdrawal symptoms were scored within 30 minutes after naloxone (1mg/kg, i.p.) injection. "
8.	Bupropion (Wellbutrin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2003 - "Bupropion hydrochloride is effective in promoting long-term abstinence from smoking and may reduce risk for relapse through attenuation of withdrawal symptoms and craving. " 06/01/2010 - "For patients with depression symptoms, bupropion reduced withdrawal symptoms and improved quality of life vs. placebo. " 06/01/2011 - "This study demonstrates that stress results in sustained increases in craving and withdrawal symptoms and changes in mood symptoms and that bupropion affects overall levels of these symptoms. " 02/01/2000 - "Smoking abstinence rates and withdrawal symptom relief were compared to the placebo (n = 153) arm of a previously reported bupropion smoking cessation trial. " 01/01/2012 - "These results suggest that bupropion may be useful for alleviating marihuana withdrawal symptoms and be useful in subject retention during long-term cessation programs."
9.	Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)IBA 01/01/1983 - "Drugs that facilitate GABAergic transmission are effective in alleviating ethanol withdrawal symptoms. " 06/03/2006 - "The overall indices of ethanol withdrawal observed in these studies were mild, but these data do support the hypothesis that ethanol withdrawal symptoms can differentially develop in adolescent and adult rats. " 07/01/2004 - "Ethanol vapor inhalation offers an advantage over liquid diet consumption in that the onset of withdrawal can be temporally controlled more precisely, allowing studies of the development of withdrawal symptoms. " 09/01/2002 - "The aim of the current study was to determine if CGP39551 could alter final ethanol-withdrawal symptoms when administered during the acute intermittent withdrawal periods. " 04/08/2000 - "ICUs sometimes use ethanol, although the effectiveness in preventing or treating withdrawal symptoms has never been ascertained in scientific investigations: in a meta-analysis the conclusion is drawn that the studies are too small and insufficiently objective to determine the effectiveness. "
10.	Cocaine (Cocaine HCl)IBA 01/01/1992 - "The Halikas-Crosby Drug Impairment Rating Scale for Cocaine (HAL DIRS-C) is designed to measure improvement in drug treatment through interval assessment of impact of cocaine use on daily functioning, relationships with other people, other alcohol and drug use, cocaine withdrawal symptoms, adverse effects associated with cocaine use, and personal outlook over the previous week. " 08/01/2009 - "Cocaine withdrawal symptoms are thought to play a role in relapse; studies characterizing the symptomatology have yielded mixed findings. " 11/01/2006 - "Among the most powerful predictors of response to psychosocial treatment are cocaine withdrawal symptom severity and the results of a urine drug screen (UDS) collected at study entry. " 04/01/2003 - "The purpose of this two part study was to better characterize cocaine users based on self-reported cocaine withdrawal symptoms by examining screening data and response to smoked cocaine in the human laboratory. " 03/01/2001 - "This study evaluated the ability of cocaine withdrawal symptoms, measured by the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA) and initial urine toxicology results, to predict treatment attrition among 128 cocaine dependent veterans participating in a 4-week day hospital treatment program. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Analgesia 09/01/2013 - "Furthermore, multiple agents currently in development show promise in treating OIC without significant impact on analgesia or precipitation of withdrawal symptoms. " 04/01/2011 - "A major unmet need is effective and safe OIC treatment without inhibiting opioid analgesia or inducing opioid withdrawal symptoms. " 01/01/2012 - "Subjects were assessed for withdrawal symptoms with the WAT-1, an 11-item (12-point) scale, from the first day of weaning from analgesia/sedation until 72 h after the last opioid dose. " 01/01/2008 - "However, the loss of analgesia and opioid withdrawal symptoms were described as adverse effects. " 04/01/2006 - "Inadequate analgesia, adverse medication effects, and opioid withdrawal symptoms can precipitate a stressful situation that may be perceived as dangerous or threatening by patients who are predisposed to anxiety. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 12/01/2004 - "A better understanding of the brain systems underlying drug withdrawal may help in the development of improved pharmacotherapies that can alleviate drug withdrawal symptoms. " 04/01/2012 - "This review includes studies that have examined the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for smoking abstinence and/or reduction in cigarette consumption among adolescent smokers who want to quit smoking, laboratory-based adolescent studies that have examined the efficacy of these medications in reducing cravings and/or withdrawal symptoms, and/or studies that have assessed the tolerability of medications for smoking cessation in adolescent smokers. " 11/01/2005 - "The majority of published studies evaluating cannabis pharmacotherapies have focused on decreasing withdrawal symptoms: a growing number of medications reduce symptoms in laboratory animals, but the majority of these medications have not been tested in humans. " 07/01/1997 - "Withdrawal symptoms due to abrupt discontinuation of drug therapy can be profound and dangerous. " 05/01/1983 - "Patients gave a variety of reasons for initially requiring medication and somewhat different reasons for needing to maintain chemotherapy, which suggested that pill-taking might be self-maintaining through withdrawal symptoms."
3.	Nebulizers and Vaporizers (Inhaler) 07/01/2011 - "This study aimed to test the acceptability and effectiveness for withdrawal symptom relief of a novel nicotine delivery device, the 'Nicotine Cannon' (NC), compared with three existing, equivalent products: the nicotine lozenge, mini-lozenge and nicotine inhalator. " 05/01/2001 - "Of 27 studies that reported effects of oral nicotine products on at least one withdrawal symptom, 12 met the quality criteria (eight for nicotine gum, three for inhaler, one for microtab, none for 1 mg lozenge). " 05/01/2001 - "All published studies reporting effects of nicotine gum, inhaler, lozenge and sublingual tablet on recognised withdrawal symptoms were scanned and those that met a set of quality criteria were included in the review. " 07/01/2011 - "The NC was significantly more effective than the inhalator in reducing withdrawal symptoms (F(3, 196)=3.5, p=0.015) and together with the mini-lozenge performed better than other NRT in alleviating urges to smoke (F(3, 563)=9.6, p<0.001) and desire for cigarettes within 10 min of use (F(3, 727)=26.1, p<0.001). " 04/01/2011 - "These results demonstrate significant differences in occupancy of β2*-nAChRs by nicotine after use of the inhaler vs. a cigarette and confirm the ability of the nicotine inhaler to relieve withdrawal symptoms."
4.	Electroacupuncture 09/01/2013 - "Three treatment variables appeared to be associated with positive results: (1) body acupuncture, used in 13 studies, was associated with positive outcomes for craving and withdrawal symptoms but not for abstinence or attrition; (2) electroacupuncture, used in seven studies, was associated with positive results with all four outcomes; and (3) bilateral needling in 20 studies was associated with effects on abstinence, craving and withdrawal symptoms. " 11/09/1998 - "This form of electroacupuncture is no more effective than placebo in reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms."
5.	Subcutaneous Injections 05/01/1997 - "2. Subcutaneous injection of naloxone on the 2 nd day after implantation caused characteristic withdrawal symptoms. " 12/01/2012 - "Withdrawal jumping was precipitated by a subcutaneous injection of naloxone (50 mg/kg) on day 4. In study I, on an equimolar basis, we compared the efficacy of six phenothiazine antipsychotics in saline on reducing morphine withdrawal symptoms. "