Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.

Also Known As:

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; PTSD; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Posttraumatic Stress Disorders; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Delayed Onset Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Neuroses, Posttraumatic; Stress Disorder, Post Traumatic; Stress Disorders, Posttraumatic; Acute Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Chronic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Delayed Onset Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Injury, Moral; Moral Injuries; Neuroses, Post Traumatic; Post Traumatic Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic Neuroses; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Posttraumatic Neuroses; Stress Disorder, Post-Traumatic; Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic; Moral Injury; Neuroses, Post-Traumatic

Networked: 10293 relevant articles (1269 outcomes, 2843 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Mental Disorders: 24177
- Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders: 19
  - Traumatic Stress Disorders: 7
    - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: 10293

Related Diseases

1.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
2.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
3.	Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety Disorder)
4.	Panic Disorder (Panic Attack)
5.	Mental Disorders (Mental Disorder)

Experts

1.	Yehuda, Rachel: 149 articles (06/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Ressler, Kerry J: 105 articles (01/2022 - 03/2006)
3.	Resick, Patricia A: 91 articles (06/2022 - 08/2002)
4.	Neylan, Thomas C: 85 articles (11/2022 - 01/2002)
5.	Jovanovic, Tanja: 71 articles (03/2022 - 03/2010)
6.	Stein, Murray B: 64 articles (12/2022 - 01/2002)
7.	Vermetten, Eric: 64 articles (07/2022 - 01/2002)
8.	Foa, Edna B: 63 articles (07/2022 - 08/2002)
9.	Koenen, Karestan C: 63 articles (04/2022 - 11/2005)
10.	Rothbaum, Barbara O: 63 articles (03/2022 - 10/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders:

1.	2- cyclohexylidenhydrazo- 4- phenyl- thiazoleIBA 11/01/2022 - "These findings suggest that CPT delivered in a group setting to individuals with PTSD can lead to significant improvement in emotion regulation and that emotion regulation difficulties do not negatively impact treatment outcome or patient retention. " 07/01/2022 - "Nearly 43% of veterans completed group or individual CPT and of completers, 76.1% reported clinically significant improvement in PTSD symptoms. " 01/01/2022 - "At post-treatment, participants assigned to CPT showed significantly greater improvement than those in AO on PTSD symptom severity (b = -9.72, 95% CI [-16.20, -3.23], d = 1.22); the RP and AO groups did not differ significantly on PTSD. " 01/01/2021 - "Discussion of the application of specific CPT strategies was the only consultation activity that was significantly associated with greater improvement in PTSD symptoms. " 01/01/2021 - "Multilevel models revealed that participants with higher FSIQ scores experienced significantly greater PTSD symptom reduction through the 24-week assessment in CPT but not WET; this effect did not persist through the 60-week assessment. "
2.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 01/01/2004 - "Besides being the most studied and effective drugs for PTSD, SSRIs have a favourable adverse effect profile, making them the first-line treatment for PTSD. " 01/01/2004 - "Although acute treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been shown to be effective, successful strategies for preventing PTSD have not been established. " 01/01/2006 - "The studies demonstrate that long-term treatment of PTSD with SSRIs effectively maintains the previous treatment response and improvement in quality of life, converts more patients to responder status and accounts for one-third of overall treatment gains. " 06/01/1994 - "Initial data from studies of the SSRIs suggests that they may have greater efficacy than other drugs in the treatment of avoidance and numbing symptoms and may effect enough overall global improvement in PTSD symptoms that some patients will no longer meet the diagnostic criteria. " 11/01/2002 - "Considering reported overall efficacy and side effects profiles, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors emerge as the preferred first line treatment for PTSD. "
3.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 11/01/2015 - "From before birth to 18 months postbaseline, MOMCare (n = 83) compared to MSS-Plus participants (n = 85) attained significantly lower levels of depression severity (Wald's χ(2) = 6.09, df = 1, P = .01) and PTSD severity (Wald's χ(2) = 4.61, df = 1, P = .04), higher rates of depression remission (Wald's χ(2) = 3.67, df = 1, P = .05), and had a greater likelihood of receiving ≥4 mental health visits (Wald's χ(2) = 58.23, df = 1, P < .0001) and of adhering to antidepressants in the prior month (Wald's χ(2) = 10.00, df = 1, P < .01). " 11/01/2016 - "In a secondary analysis of an 18-month study of collaborative care for perinatal depression, the authors hypothesized that pregnant, depressed, socioeconomically disadvantaged women with comorbid PTSD would show more improvement in the MOMCare intervention providing Brief Interpersonal Psychotherapy and/or antidepressants, compared to intensive public health Maternity Support Services (MSS-Plus). " 01/01/2017 - "To clarify whether DCS is superior to placebo in augmenting the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders and to evaluate whether antidepressants interact with DCS and the effect of potential moderating variables. " 11/01/2016 - "Over the 18-month follow-up, those with comorbid PTSD in MOMCare (n = 48), versus MSS-Plus (n = 58), showed greater improvement in depression severity (Wald χ²₁ = 8.51, P < .004), PTSD severity (Wald χ²₁ = 5.55, P < .02), and functioning (Wald χ²₁ = 4.40, P < .04); higher rates of depression response (Wald χ²₁ = 4.13, P < .04) and remission (Wald χ²₁ = 5.17, P < .02); and increased use of mental health services (Wald χ²₁ = 39.87, P < .0001) and antidepressant medication (Wald χ²₁ = 8.07, P < .005). " 06/01/1994 - "What has emerged from the available data is that antidepressants, particularly those with serotoninergic properties, are helpful for core PTSD symptoms when given at higher dose levels for at least 5 to 8 weeks. "
4.	Prazosin (Minipress)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2005 - "Prazosin appeared highly beneficial for combat-related nightmares characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder among troops recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. " 09/01/2015 - "Prazosin has been proven to be safe and effective in the management of nightmares and sleep disturbances associated with PTSD and is indicated where these distressing symptoms are present." 01/01/2020 - "Trial criteria may exclude significant sub-groups, and therefore a 2018 study may not provide the final evidence of prazosin efficacy for PTSD-SD. " 01/01/2023 - "In the subgroup with comorbid PTSD (n = 48), PACS declines were significantly greater in the prazosin than in the placebo condition (p < 0.05). " 01/01/2021 - "Results showed prazosin significantly improved overall PTSD scores (SMD = -0.31; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: -0.62, -0.01), nightmares (SMD = -0.75; 95% CI: -1.24, -0.27), and sleep quality (SMD = -0.57; 95% CI: -1.02, -0.13). "
5.	N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA)IBA 01/01/2022 - "In completers (n = 82), there was a significant reduction in total EAT-26 scores in the total group of PTSD participants following MDMA-AT versus placebo (p = .03). " 10/01/2020 - "MDMA-assisted psychotherapy demonstrated a high rate of clinical response (RR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.70, 7.06), remission (RR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.37, 5.02), with a large effect size at reducing the symptoms of PTSD (SMD = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.94). " 04/01/2011 - "Decrease in Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores from baseline was significantly greater for the group that received MDMA than for the placebo group at all three time points after baseline. " 01/01/2021 - "N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for treatment refractory PTSD shows great promise, with two-thirds of participants achieving full remission at 1 year or more at follow-up. " 12/01/2022 - "Recent clinical trials have demonstrated 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy as an effective novel treatment for PTSD. "
6.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2001 - "The results of the current study suggest that sertraline is a safe, well-tolerated, and significantly effective treatment for PTSD." 01/01/2019 - "Prolonged exposure and sertraline confer significant benefits for PTSD, with some evidence of an advantage for prolonged exposure. " 04/01/2015 - "Clinically significant reductions in both PTSD and AUD severity were achieved and sustained through 12-months follow-up, Moreover, greater mean improvement in PTSD symptoms was observed across all follow-up assessments in the SS plus sertraline group. " 04/01/2015 - "The SS plus sertraline group exhibited a significantly greater reduction in PTSD symptoms than the SS plus placebo group at end-of-treatment (M difference = -16.15, p = .04, d = 0.83), which was sustained at 6- and 12-month follow-up (M difference = -13.81, p = .04, d = 0.71, and M difference = -12.72, p = .05, d = 0.65, respectively). " 07/01/2007 - "Both groups experienced significant improvement in posttraumatic stress disorder and other clinical outcomes from pre- to posttreatment with no significant group x time differences between groups except in Child Global Assessment Scale ratings, which favored the TF-CBT + sertraline group. "
7.	Ketamine FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2019 - "Ketamine has been shown to be an effective treatment for numerous mental health disorders, although research on its efficacy in combat-related PTSD in veterans is very limited. " 05/01/2018 - "This study, the first open-label study of repeated ketamine infusions in a comorbid population, found rapid and sustained improvement in PTSD and depression symptoms. " 01/01/2020 - "Ketamine administration normalized the structural alterations of opercular IFG in both MDD and MDD/PTSD groups, and significantly improved depressive and PTSD symptoms. " 01/01/2022 - "There is evidence that ketamine can be helpful for anxiety and PTSD; however, more research is needed. " 01/01/2023 - "In this article, the effectiveness of ketamine as a potential therapeutic for PTSD and MDD along with its mechanisms of action, clinical trials, and possible side effects have been discussed."
8.	Paroxetine (Paxil)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "Patients treated with prolonged exposure plus paroxetine experienced significantly greater improvement in PTSD symptoms (incidence rate ratio=0.50, 95% CI=0.30-0.85) and remission status (odds ratio=12.6, 95% CI=1.23-129) during 10 weeks of combined treatment than patients treated with prolonged exposure plus placebo. " 11/01/2001 - "At week 12, compared with the placebo group (N = 156), the paroxetine group (N = 151) showed significantly greater reduction of PTSD symptoms on both of the primary and all of the secondary outcome measures. " 09/01/2015 - "In this, largest to date study comparing PE, paroxetine and combination treatment in PTSD PE was more effective than Ph in achieving remission of PTSD. " 03/01/2008 - "Counter to our hypothesis, however, we found no additive benefit of augmentation of continued PE with paroxetine CR compared to pill placebo for the 23 randomly assigned patients, with relatively minimal further gains overall in Phase II. Although replication with larger samples is needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn, our data do not support the addition of paroxetine CR compared with placebo to continued PE for individuals with PTSD who remain symptomatic after initial PE, suggesting that the development of novel treatment approaches for PTSD refractory to PE is needed. " 02/01/1998 - "The authors hypothesized that paroxetine might be effective in PTSD, based on findings of its particular efficacy for anxiety and agitation in studies of depressed patients. "
9.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Hydrocortisone augmentation was associated with greater reduction in total PTSD symptoms compared to placebo, a finding that was explained by significantly greater patient retention in the hydrocortisone augmentation condition. " 06/01/2008 - "PTSD severity was associated with significantly greater cortisol output the first hour after awakening, while more chronic abuse was associated with lower total cortisol output in the first hour after awakening. " 04/15/2007 - "Compared with bereaved children without psychopathology, bereaved children with PTSD had significantly lower 4:00 pm baseline cortisol and significantly greater 4:00 pm cortisol suppression. " 11/01/2006 - "Gulf War deployment was associated with significantly greater cortisol suppression to DEX controlling for weight, smoking status, PTSD, and MDD; PTSD was not associated with response to DEX. " 01/01/2006 - "Following hydrocortisone administration, only the PTSD patients demonstrated a significant reduction in conditioned response in contrast to healthy subjects who did not demonstrate any change. "
10.	Propranolol (Inderal)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2022 - "The evidence on whether propranolol was more effective in reducing the severity of PTSD symptoms compared to placebo at three months after the traumatic event is inconclusive, because of serious risk of bias amongst the included studies, serious inconsistency amongst the studies' results, and very serious imprecision of the estimate of effect (SMD -0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.61 to 0.59; I2 = 83%; 3 studies, 86 participants; very low-certainty evidence). " 01/01/2021 - "This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of traumatic memory reactivation under the influence of propranolol, a noradrenergic beta-receptor blocker, in reducing PTSD symptoms as well as comorbid major depression (MD) symptoms. " 09/01/2010 - "Although no approved medication currently exists for the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder, the blood pressure medication propranolol has shown promise in erasing the behavioral expression of fear memory and may be useful for preventing more severe emotional disorders. " 11/01/2015 - "Recent evidence has suggested that propranolol may be effective in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder by suppressing activity in the amygdala and thereby inhibiting emotional memory formation. " 01/01/2010 - "If propranolol use in dissociation of emotion and fear from memory is effective in individuals with PTSD, much of the argument against propranolol use is moot. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 11/16/2023 - "Exposure and cognitive-based therapies are both effective for PTSD, but knowledge of which intervention is best for which patient is lacking. " 01/01/2020 - "Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy is one of the most widely used evidence-based treatments for PTSD, but there is substantial room for improvement in outcomes and retention rates. " 01/01/2019 - "Exposure-based therapy is currently one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. " 01/01/2016 - "Behavioral therapy approaches have shown to be most effective in the treatment of PTSD. " 01/01/2014 - "Although existing PTSD therapies have been found to be highly effective for many Veterans, there is a substantial minority unsatisfactorily treated. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 08/01/2000 - "Nevertheless, pharmacotherapy for PTSD appears to have reasonably robust effects, with odds ratios for responder status, defined as 'much improved' or 'very much improved' on the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), on drug versus placebo varying from 2.2 to 5.6 in randomized controlled trials of different agents. " 02/01/2014 - "Some pharmacotherapies are effective for the treatment of PTSD and SUD alone, however; no medications have been proven to be effective for the combination of these conditions. " 01/01/2009 - "Further research in fundamental neurosciences and pharmacogenomics may help to elucidate optimal pharmacotherapy options for PTSD in the future. " 03/01/1988 - "Pharmacotherapy alone is rarely sufficient to provide complete remission of PTSD. " 05/01/2009 - "Studies of pharmacotherapy treatment efficacy demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in reducing PTSD symptoms, t (22) = -2.74, p = 0.01, d = 0.05. "
3.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 01/01/2019 - "Yet, a few repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) studies have recently investigated therapeutic efficacy in treatment-resistant patients with PTSD and/or TBI. " 01/01/2017 - "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been found to be effective for treating PTSD, but whether different frequencies have different effects remains controversial. " 01/01/2014 - "Is transcranial magnetic stimulation effective in treatment-resistant combat related posttraumatic stress disorder?" 01/01/2023 - "Application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has shown promising results in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. " 01/01/2021 - "Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown positive outcomes for people with PTSD, using different treatment protocols. "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 06/01/2004 - "Moreover, psychometric assessment revealed a marked improvement of the PTSD symptoms after treatment." 06/19/2013 - "In addition, within the TAU + SWT group the remission of PTSD diagnoses after treatment was significant, which was not the case for TAU. " 01/01/2022 - "Psychotherapies are effective for reducing PTSD symptoms, but approximately two-thirds of veterans continue to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD after treatment, suggesting there is an incomplete understanding of what factors sustain PTSD. " 03/01/2023 - "This study developed and validated a brief 5-item screener in the ED setting, which may help to improve the diagnostic process of PTSD in the acute care setting and help ED clinicians plan follow-up care when patients are still in contact with the healthcare system. " 01/01/2023 - "Despite decrease over time, improvement in post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety symptoms was maintained throughout the first month after treatment. "
5.	Secondary Prevention 06/01/2018 - "Research on secondary prevention of traumatic childbirth and post-traumatic stress disorder following delivery provides insufficient evidence that the described interventions are effective in unselected groups of women. " 10/01/2020 - "Cognitive-behavioral secondary preventions for PTSD appear to be safe and effective among women who have experienced a recent SA. " 01/01/2019 - "Objective: To test the efficacy of Seeking Safety plus treatment as usual (TAU) in female outpatients with PTSD and SUD compared to Relapse Prevention Training (RPT) plus TAU and TAU alone. " 12/01/2020 - "The current study employed PP-LCGA separately in two randomized clinical trials (study 1 n = 81, Mean age = 40.4 years, SD = 10.7; study 2 n = 59, Mean age = 44.7 years, SD = 9.4) to examine PTSD symptom response and percentage of days using substances across treatment trials comparing Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and SUD using Prolonged Exposure and Relapse Prevention. " 10/01/2020 - "After searching electronic databases for secondary preventions for PTSD and related conditions among women who have experienced a recent SA, 17 studies were reviewed, their quality was rated on the clinical trial assessment measure, and 10 studies were meta-analyzed (7 were excluded, as they were not randomized controlled trials or due to the absence of heterogeneity). "