Strabismus (Squint)

Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)

Also Known As:

Networked: 2088 relevant articles (161 outcomes, 206 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)
2.	Vomiting
3.	Diplopia (Double Vision)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Nausea

Experts

1.	Holmes, Jonathan M: 11 articles (02/2015 - 10/2002)
2.	Christiansen, Stephen P: 11 articles (06/2013 - 03/2002)
3.	McLoon, Linda K: 9 articles (06/2015 - 02/2003)
4.	Demer, Joseph L: 9 articles (06/2015 - 04/2002)
5.	Hwang, Jeong-Min: 9 articles (06/2014 - 06/2006)
6.	Hunter, David G: 8 articles (12/2014 - 09/2005)
7.	Guyton, David L: 8 articles (08/2014 - 09/2003)
8.	Ohtsuki, Hiroshi: 7 articles (01/2009 - 03/2002)
9.	Tychsen, Lawrence: 6 articles (10/2014 - 06/2003)
10.	Han, Sueng-Han: 6 articles (10/2014 - 09/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Strabismus:

1.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 10/01/2003 - "Strabismus surgery in conjunction with intramuscular botulinum toxin injection can offer significant improvement in function and cosmesis of these patients." 01/01/2008 - "Botulinum toxin A injection appears to be a safe and effective treatment for overcorrected and undercorrected strabismus after unsatisfactory surgery. " 02/01/1997 - "Botulinum toxin was introduced as a safe and effective treatment for strabismus and other disorders of the extraocular muscles in the early 1980s. " 09/01/2004 - "The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of a direct application of botulinum toxin in cases strabismus related to psychomotor retardation. " 09/01/2013 - "We describe the uses and efficacy of botulinum toxin injection to the inferior rectus muscle in vertical strabismus resulting from orbital pathology. "
2.	Ondansetron (Zofran)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2000 - "This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study evaluated the effect of the timing of ondansetron administration on its antiemetic efficacy in children undergoing elective strabismus surgery. " 03/01/2001 - "One hundred and thirty-one healthy children, aged 31-152 months, undergoing strabismus surgery under general anaesthesia, were randomly allocated to one of four groups: group A received 0.04 mg.kg-1 ( identical with 1 mg.m-2) of ondansetron, group B 0.1 mg.kg-1 ( identical with 2.5 mg.m-2), group C 0.2 mg.kg-1 ( identical with 5 mg.m-2) and group D placebo, given intravenously following induction of anaesthesia. " 03/01/2001 - "A randomized controlled trial of the antiemetic effect of three doses of ondansetron after strabismus surgery in children." 02/01/2000 - "We conclude that the timing of ondansetron administration either before or after the surgical manipulation of extraocular muscles had similar antiemetic efficacy following strabismus surgery in children." 11/01/1999 - "Comparison of anti-emetic effects of ondansetron, metoclopromide or a combination of both in children undergoing surgery for strabismus."
3.	Metoclopramide (Reglan)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1998 - "Metoclopramide in a dose of 0.25 mg/kg administered intravenously prior to manipulation of eyeball is devoid of the effects but is not effective in preventing postoperative emesis in children undergoing strabismus surgery." 03/01/1998 - "To evaluate the efficacy of metoclopramide (0.25 mg/kg) administered IV immediately after induction of general anesthesia for the prevention of postoperative emesis in children undergoing, elective strabismus surgery. " 03/01/1998 - "Prophylactic metoclopramide administered immediately after the induction of anesthesia has no effect on the incidence of postoperative emesis after strabismus surgery." 11/01/1999 - "This prospective, randomized and double-blinded study was designed to evaluate the anti-emetic efficacy of a combination of ondansetron and metoclopramide in 100 ASA physical status I and II children of either sex and 1-15 years of age undergoing elective surgery for strabismus. " 09/01/1994 - "This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study evaluated the antiemetic efficacy of ondansetron and metoclopramide in 90 ASA physical status I or II children, 2-17 yr of age, undergoing strabismus repair. "
4.	DroperidolFDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2004 - "To compare the frequency of postoperative emetic symptoms and side effects in pediatric strabismus surgery using four doses of droperidol. " 02/01/2004 - "Effects of droperidol dosage on postoperative emetic symptoms following pediatric strabismus surgery." 06/01/1990 - "Droperidol-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in an adolescent following strabismus surgery." 12/01/1983 - "The antiemetic effect of droperidol following outpatient strabismus surgery in children." 03/01/1981 - "Low doses (0.05 mg/kg) of intravenously administered droperidol were given intraoperatively to randomly assigned pediatric strabismus patients in a controlled double-masked paradigm. "
5.	Granisetron (Kytril)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1999 - "Oral granisetron for strabismus surgery in children." 09/01/1999 - "Preoperative oral granisetron, in doses more than 40 microg/kg, is effective for preventing vomiting after strabismus surgery in children." 09/01/1999 - "To evaluate the efficacy of oral granisetron for the prevention of postoperative vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery. " 01/01/1999 - "To determine the efficacy of oral granisetron in preventing postoperative vomiting (POV) following strabismus repair in children. " 09/01/1999 - "Preoperative oral granisetron for the prevention of vomiting after strabismus surgery in children."
6.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2005 - "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ocular hypertensive and anti-inflammatory responses to two different dosage schedules of 0.1% topical dexamethasone in a population of Chinese children undergoing strabismus surgery. " 01/01/2012 - "Dexamethasone reduces postoperative morbidity after adenotonsillectomy, strabismus surgery, and third molar extraction. " 06/01/2004 - "Two hundred and ten children were randomized to receive either dexamethasone in one of four dosages: 50 microg/kg (Group 1), 100 microg/kg (Group 2), 200 microg/kg (Group 3) and 250 microg/kg (Group 4) or normal saline (Group 5) prior to corrective surgery for strabismus. " 11/01/2000 - "Topical dexamethasone (0.1%) was administered to children undergoing bilateral strabismus surgery. " 06/01/2005 - "The results suggest that dexamethasone 0.25 mg/kg is more effective than saline and equally effective compared with larger doses for preventing PONV for pediatric strabismus surgery."
7.	Propofol (Diprivan)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2007 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of propofol sedation combined with sub-Tenon's anaesthesia for strabismus surgery in adults. " 10/01/1990 - "The purpose of this study is an investigation of two protocols using propofol as induction and maintenance agent in 100 children scheduled for strabismus surgery (4-8 year, ASA I, NYHA I). " 11/01/2007 - "The authors compared the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children who received a single dose of propofol at the end of strabismus surgery versus children who received saline. " 11/15/1992 - "Propofol and surgical contamination in strabismus surgery." 01/01/1990 - "[Effects of propofol on intraocular pressure in surgery of strabismus in children]."
8.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2005 - "The intraoperative application of mitomycin C is a safe and effective adjunct to surgery in the treatment of restrictive strabismus." 05/01/2001 - "Intraoperative application of mitomycin C (0.2 mg/mL for 5 minutes) is a safe and effective adjunct to surgery in the treatment of restrictive strabismus." 10/01/2005 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mitomycin C in reducing postoperative adhesions following strabismus surgery. " 05/01/2001 - "To evaluate the efficacy of mitomycin C in reducing reformation of adhesions following surgery for restrictive strabismus. " 06/01/1995 - "We evaluated the efficacy of mitomycin C in reducing the severity of postoperative adhesions following strabismus surgery and in delaying the time adjustment after surgery. "
9.	CosmeticsIBA 04/01/2010 - "The drug which was initially found to be useful in the treatment of strabismus has been extremely effective in the treatment of variety of conditions, both cosmetic and noncosmetic. " 07/01/2014 - "Horizontal and bilateral strabismus has good surgical outcome with improved cosmetic acceptance." 07/01/2012 - "Findings are similar to studies conducted for strabismus, in particular with respect to cosmetic impact. " 02/01/2010 - "This study may allow a better understanding of the importance of these anatomic structures and may reduce functional and cosmetic complications during common oculoplastic and strabismus surgeries." 06/01/2015 - "Strabismus is not only a cosmetic disease but more importantly damage to visual acuity, binocular vision and stereopsis. "
10.	sevoflurane (Ultane)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2008 - "We investigated whether BIS-guided sevoflurane titration may help to optimize the anaesthetic depth for inhibition of the OCR during paediatric strabismus surgery. " 08/01/2008 - "The results suggest that BIS may be a valuable tool during sevoflurane anaesthesia for strabismus surgery in children." 08/01/2008 - "Influence of the anaesthetic depth on the inhibition of the oculocardiac reflex during sevoflurane anaesthesia for paediatric strabismus surgery." 01/01/2000 - "In our opinion, the use of sevoflurane should be considered as an option for general anaesthesia in strabismus surgery." 08/01/2013 - "These findings from our self-controlled study show that sevoflurane-based general anesthesia does not have significantly adverse effects on the cognitive function of 4- to 7-year-old children at 1 month and 6 months after strabismus surgery. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Sutures (Suture) 02/01/2012 - "Adjustable sutures were most beneficial for patients undergoing reoperations for childhood strabismus." 02/01/2012 - "Adjustable suture use was particularly beneficial for patients undergoing a reoperation for childhood strabismus (success rate: nonadjustable, 42.4%; adjustable, 65.7%; P=0.0268; n = 100). " 01/01/2009 - "Single-stage adjustable suture strabismus surgery produces good results and is well suited to day case surgery." 11/01/1992 - "Strabismus surgery using one stage adjustable sutures was carried out under local anaesthesia in six patients with good results. " 09/01/2005 - "Full tendon transposition that is augmented with a posterior intermuscular suture is an effective procedure that results in improved ocular alignment in patients with paralytic strabismus and has a favorable complication profile."
2.	Anesthesia 10/01/2005 - "Improved timing of adjustment, improved anesthesia, and newer surgical techniques allow strabismus surgeons to offer treatment options better suited to the needs of each strabismus patient." 05/01/2015 - "Contact topical anesthesia is a safe and effective alternative for strabismus surgery in adult patients. " 06/15/1990 - "Our results suggest that the use of peribulbar anesthesia is a safe and effective means of anesthesia in strabismus surgery because of minimal associated morbidity." 05/01/2015 - "To analyze the effectiveness and usefulness of contact topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery in adult patients. " 05/01/2015 - "Contact topical anesthesia for strabismus surgery in adult patients."
3.	Orthoptics (Orthoptic) 07/01/1992 - "It is emphasized that the good results are due to the tracking down of children with strabismus in kindergartens, to the application of the amblyopic preventive optical treatment and to pleoptic treatment maintained for years with monthly checkups to prevent relapses." 01/01/1985 - "The ratio was not related to visual acuity or to squint but was higher in those children whose vision was improved by orthoptic treatment. " 02/01/2011 - "The findings showed the efficacy of complex treatment as well as pre and postoperative pleoptic-orthoptic-diploptic treatment of strabismus and direct occlusion. " 02/01/2011 - "The aim of the study was comparative evaluation of surgical treatment and complex pre and postoperative pleoptic, orthoptic, diploptic treatment of non accommodated concomitant strabismus and identification of the optimum age for surgical treatment of strabismus. " 01/01/1984 - "A study was made of 151 children referred to orthoptic clinics for suspected squint or suspected impairment of visual acuity. "
4.	Tonsillectomy 12/01/1997 - "320 ASA physical status l and II patients between the ages of 2 and 12 years undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or strabismus surgery. " 03/01/2010 - "A control population of 97 children (50 girls and 47 boys) admitted for day surgery (tonsillectomy, circumcision, or strabismus) was included. " 01/01/1998 - "This difference was seen whether or not patients thought to be at high risk for postoperative vomiting (strabismus or adenoidectomy +/- tonsillectomy) were included in the analysis. " 01/01/1996 - "Other procedures, including tonsillectomy, circumcision, and strabismus repair, resulted in about one-half the children experiencing clinically significant pain (> or = 30 mm on a 100 mm VAS). " 04/01/2011 - "The incidence of POV during 0-24 h after anesthesia was less in pediatric patients receiving ramosetron 6 mcg kg(-1) than in those receiving placebo, in children undergoing strabismus surgery and tonsillectomy. "
5.	Suture Techniques 02/01/2012 - "To assess whether outcomes of strabismus surgery are improved by using the adjustable suture technique and to determine which subgroups of strabismus patients benefit most from the adjustable suture technique. " 03/01/1987 - "Adjustable suture techniques were especially helpful in selected horizontal deviations, vertical deviations, and the more complex strabismus problems. " 08/01/2010 - "To describe a new, adjustable suture technique for strabismus surgery that is safe and effective and allows for adjustment during the postoperative week only when required. " 01/01/2006 - "One-stage intraoperative adjustable suture technique is safe and effective method for strabismus surgery for cooperative patients." 05/01/2007 - "This study was conducted to analyze the efficacy of the adjustable suture technique for correction of strabismus in patients with different types of strabismus. "