Spermine

A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.

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Networked: 782 relevant articles (28 outcomes, 61 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Alhonen, Leena: 19 articles (07/2014 - 10/2002)
2.	Agostinelli, Enzo: 11 articles (09/2014 - 05/2002)
3.	Casero, Robert A: 11 articles (01/2014 - 07/2003)
4.	Jänne, Juhani: 8 articles (07/2010 - 10/2003)
5.	Pegg, Anthony E: 7 articles (01/2010 - 12/2003)
6.	Guilbaud, Nicolas: 6 articles (12/2015 - 12/2008)
7.	Bailly, Christian: 6 articles (10/2014 - 12/2008)
8.	Arancia, Giuseppe: 6 articles (09/2014 - 05/2002)
9.	Zahedi, Kamyar: 6 articles (01/2014 - 04/2009)
10.	Soleimani, Manoocher: 6 articles (01/2014 - 04/2009)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 09/01/2009 - "Since it is conceivable that combined treatment with a lysosomotropic compound and BSAO/spermine would be effective against tumor cells, it is of interest to search for such novel compounds, which might be promising for application in a therapeutic setting." 11/01/1998 - "We have recently synthesized a novel class of spermine analogues, the lead compound of which has efficacy against human cancer cells (P. " 01/01/1993 - "These results suggest that spermine-BBI is likely to be an improved cancer chemopreventive agent compared to BBI or PDL-ss-BBI." 02/04/2014 - "A simple, fast, and highly selective and sensitive colorimetric assay to detect nanomolar levels of spermine in human urine (healthy donors, cancer patients) is reported. " 09/01/2013 - "The enzymatic formation of toxic metabolites has mainly been investigated on wild-type (WT) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cell lines, using and spermine as substrate of the BSAO enzyme. "
2.	Reperfusion Injury 05/21/2007 - "Exogenous spermine may protect the hearts from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury." 07/01/2014 - "The results of the present work suggest that diazoxide-induced cerebral protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by spermine through apoptotic pathway. " 02/01/2014 - "Our results suggested that diazoxide, which improved neurological deficits and decreased infarct volume and oxidative stress against ischemia-reperfusion injury, is mediated by spermine." 01/01/2014 - "Proximal tubule epithelial cell specific ablation of the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene reduces the severity of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury." 01/01/2011 - "Furthermore, inactivation of the spermidine/spermine-N¹-acetyltransferase gene reduces the severity of kidney damage after ischemic reperfusion injury. "
3.	Ischemia 10/03/2013 - "Spermine reduced no-reflow size induced by ischemia-reperfusion through regulating autophagy." 02/09/2011 - "Pharmacological blockade of ASIC1a or deletion of the ASIC1 gene greatly reduces the enhancing effect of spermine in ischemic neuronal damage both in cultures of dissociated neurons and in a mouse model of focal ischemia. " 05/21/2007 - "Ischemia/reperfusion disturbs polyamine metabolism, and the loss of spermine might be associated with NO increase and thereby influences myocardial cell viability. " 01/01/1993 - "Uptake of [14C]spermine was transiently increased after ischemia, peaking at 150% of control by 12-13 h and subsiding by 24 h. " 01/20/1992 - "Spermine levels were significantly reduced, in the hippocampal CA1-subfield after 5 min of ischemia and, in addition, in the striatum and thalamus after 3-times 5 min ischemia. "
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma) 01/01/1988 - "Our results confirm a previous observation that spermine reduces the time needed for recovery after trauma in peripheral motor neurons. " 01/01/1988 - "Putative stimulants for functional recovery after neural trauma: only spermine was effective." 06/17/2015 - "Our results showed (i) a higher increase in gap junctional communication at higher concentrations of cytoplasmic spermine, and (ii) that spermine prevented uncoupling of gap junctions at low intracellular pH. Taken together, we conclude that spermine enhances Cx43-mediated gap junctional communication and may preserve neuronal excitability during ischemia and trauma when pH in the brain acidifies. " 09/01/2012 - "Activation of spermine/spermidine-N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) leads to DNA damage and growth arrest in mammalian cells, and its ablation reduces the severity of ischemic and endotoxic injuries. " 01/01/2014 - "Expression and activity of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) increases in kidneys subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, while its ablation reduces the severity of such injuries. "
5.	Hypersensitivity (Allergy) 05/21/2014 - "The flanking sequence contributes to the immobilisation of spermine at the G-quadruplex in the NHE (nuclease hypersensitivity element) III1 of the c-Myc promoter." 02/01/2000 - "These individual variations may be due to diet, lifestyle or genetic background; (2) the probability of developing allergy can reach 80 % if the mean spermine concentration in the milk is lower than 2 nmol/ml milk. " 05/21/2014 - "We have studied, by selective NMR experiments, the variation of spermine mobility and conformation in the presence of G-quadruplexes formed by sequences of the purine-rich strand of the c-Myc promoter, nuclease hypersensitivity element III1 (NHE III1). " 07/01/1992 - "A protective effect of spermine or spermidine against alimentary allergies is suggested." 12/22/2006 - "This phenotype was cured by exogenous spermine but not by the other polyamines putrescine and spermidine, suggesting a strong link between spermine-deficiency and NaCl-hypersensitivity. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Spermidine
2.	Putrescine
3.	Polyamines
4.	Diazoxide (Hyperstat)
5.	Histones (Histone)
6.	N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine
7.	Mitoguazone (MGBG)
8.	Glucose (Dextrose)
9.	Calcium
10.	Carrier Proteins (Binding Protein)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Nephrectomy
2.	Injections
3.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
5.	Ovariectomy (Oophorectomy)