Snake Bites (Snake Bite)

Bites by snakes. Bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)

Also Known As:

Networked: 775 relevant articles (46 outcomes, 77 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Snake Bites (Snake Bite)
2.	Poisoning
3.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
4.	Edema
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Gutiérrez, José María: 33 articles (01/2016 - 06/2002)
2.	Isbister, Geoffrey K: 20 articles (08/2015 - 12/2006)
3.	Calvete, Juan J: 19 articles (05/2015 - 11/2007)
4.	Lomonte, Bruno: 18 articles (01/2015 - 01/2005)
5.	León, Guillermo: 16 articles (03/2012 - 06/2002)
6.	Sanz, Libia: 13 articles (05/2015 - 11/2007)
7.	Soares, Andreimar M: 10 articles (01/2015 - 03/2003)
8.	Angulo, Yamileth: 10 articles (06/2014 - 01/2007)
9.	Warrell, David A: 9 articles (07/2014 - 11/2004)
10.	Kemparaju, K: 9 articles (04/2014 - 08/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Snake Bites:

1.	VenomsIBA 01/01/2009 - "Venom variation occurs at all taxonomical levels and can impact significantly upon the clinical manifestations and efficacy of antivenom therapy following snakebite. " 03/01/2003 - "Two or more vials of specific antivenom administered soon after snakebite were effective in neutralizing the circulating venom as revealed by ELISA. " 01/01/2006 - "A readily available source of this venom will be useful for all pharmacological and biotechnological studies, as well as providing an improved avenue for treatments of snakebites. " 01/01/2011 - "The review demands thorough understanding of venom pharmacology, inculcating new strategies to handle and to enhance the efficacy of snakebite management and urge the governing systems of affected countries to take steps to curtail accidental debilitation and death rate of healthy individuals due to snakebite." 05/21/2015 - "To assess the relevance of this venom variation in the context of snakebite and snakebite treatment, we tested the efficacy of the common antivenom CroFab® for recognition of both adult and neonate venoms in vitro. "
2.	Antivenins (Antivenoms)IBA 08/24/2011 - "The development of snake antivenoms more than a century ago should have heralded effective treatment of the scourge of snakebite envenoming in impoverished, mostly rural populations around the world. " 01/01/2005 - "Although both antivenins ameliorate the systemic symptoms following snake envenomation, the efficacy of either antivenin in decreasing oedema and swelling is unknown for a number of reasons. " 12/06/2004 - "Improved antivenom procurement and use policies (including increased use of appropriate monovalent antivenoms), combined with targeted snakebite education interventions (community- and hospital-based), are key interventions to reduce the ongoing toll from snakebite." 01/01/2015 - "This study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of using effective antivenoms for Snakebite envenoming in Nigeria. " 01/01/2010 - "To address the plight of thousands of snakebite victims in savannah Nigeria, the EchiTAb Study Group organised the production, testing and delivery of antivenoms designed to treat envenoming by the most medically-important snakes in the region. "
3.	Snake Venoms (Snake Venom)IBA 06/01/2013 - "To demonstrate that use of lower doses of anti-snake venom is as effective as high doses and is associated with less complications and lower mortality especially in the wake of rising cost of medical treatment, the people most affected by snakebites being the poor farmers. " 06/01/2013 - "High or low- a trial of low dose anti snake venom in the treatment of poisonous snakebites." 01/01/2010 - "This study points towards the importance of complete analysis of individual components of snake venom in order to develop effective therapies for snake bites." 10/01/2004 - "Rational use of anti-snake venom (ASV): trial of various regimens in hemotoxic snake envenomation." 01/01/2004 - "High-dose anti-snake venom versus low-dose anti-snake venom in the treatment of poisonous snake bites--a critical study."
4.	Crotalidae Polyvalent immune FabIBA 07/01/2013 - "CroFab has been clinically demonstrated to be most effective when administered within 6 h of snake envenomation, and improved clinical outcomes are correlated with quicker timing of administration. " 04/01/2011 - "Intravenous crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab was effective in patients aged ≥10 years who had minimal or moderate envenomation by a North American crotaline, who presented within 6 hours of the snakebite, and who had progression of the envenomation syndrome, according to the results of two prospective trials. " 10/01/2012 - "Over an 8-year time period at this institution, there were 204 admissions for snakebite of which 82 received CroFab. " 05/01/2012 - "To evaluate the safety and cost-effectiveness of a clinical protocol adopted in June 2006 that included a comprehensive, objective assessment of snake bite envenomations and standardized the use of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom (FabAV). " 02/01/2012 - "  Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) (FabAV) is commonly used in the treatment of symptomatic North American crotaline snake envenomation. "
5.	PoisonsIBA 11/04/1892 - "NEW TREATMENT FOR SNAKE-BITE AND OTHER POISONS." 06/01/1975 - ""Doctor Caesar" and his cure for poisons and rattle-snake bites." 11/01/2013 - "To describe trends regarding snakebite enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) from 2004 to 2010. " 11/01/2013 - "Snakebite enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service: 2004-2010." 03/01/2012 - "Twenty-four were due to snake bite, the rest due to chemical poisons. "
6.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 02/01/1993 - "Patients were examined and advised that there was no published clinical evidence that prophylactic antibiotics were beneficial for nonenvenomated snakebites. " 08/01/2015 - "This study aimed to identify the pattern of antibiotics used following snake envenomation in a tertiary care hospital of Kerala. " 08/01/2015 - "There are several conflicting recommendations on the use of antibiotics in snakebite victims. " 08/01/2015 - "Pattern of Use of Antibiotics Following Snake Bite in a Tertiary Care Hospital." 03/01/2002 - "Antibiotics in non-venomous snakebite."
7.	Dacarbazine (DIC)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2003 - "QBD shows obvious effects of shortening therapeutic course and enhancing efficacy in treating snake bite induced DIC." 07/01/2001 - "Hematological studies on DIC-like findings observed in patients with snakebite in south China." 06/01/2012 - "DIC is also seen in association with toxic exposures, including snake bites. " 08/01/2003 - "To observe the effect of Qinwen Baidu Decoction (QBD) in treating snake bite induced dissseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). " 04/01/2002 - "In the absence of thrombocytopaenia, which is a very sensitive marker of DIC, the fall in labile factors with tiger snake envenomation is significantly contributed to by proteolytic digestion of clotting factors."
8.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 02/01/2010 - "A preclinical assessment was performed on the neutralizing efficacy of a whole IgG polyspecific antivenom (EchiTAb-Plus-ICP), designed for the treatment of snakebite envenomings in Nigeria. " 03/01/2012 - "We have studied the impact of low pH formulation on the quality, safety, stability, potency and viral inactivation of a whole IgG antivenom used to treat viperid snake bite envenoming. " 09/01/2010 - "We are investigating whether the potential safety and logistic advantages of camel IgG antivenom can be exploited to improve antivenom provision in many countries where snakebite is endemic. " 07/01/2008 - "Immunotherapy for treatment of snake bites has been based on mammalian IgG. Recently, polyvalent ovine Fab has become available. " 10/01/2009 - "We have evaluated for the first time the impact of a solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment on the quality and in vivo neutralization potency of horse-derived whole IgG antivenom used in the treatment of viperid snake bite envenoming in Central America. "
9.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 03/01/2008 - "The lists of secreted proteins by the two vipers can be used for further study of structure-function relationships in the toxins and for prediction and treatment of snakebite consequences." 11/01/1998 - "Snake envenomation and protective natural endogenous proteins: a mini review of the recent developments (1991-1997)." 01/01/2015 - "Our results corroborate the previously proposed mechanism of action of PLA2s-like and provide insights for the design of structure-based inhibitors that could prevent the permanent injuries caused by these proteins in snakebite victims." 08/01/2002 - "Conversely, antivenom, whose components are directed against the venom proteins, is the only aetiological therapy effective against snake envenomations." 06/01/2010 - "The immunoreactivity of EchiTAb-Plus-ICP, an antivenom developed for the treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa, to venoms of seven Echis and Bitis species, was assessed by "antivenomics." This proteomic approach is based on the ability of an antivenom to immunodeplete homologous or heterologous venom proteins. "
10.	Heparin (Liquaemin)FDA LinkGeneric 09/30/1975 - "Proceedings: Haemostatic changes following snake bite by Echis carinatus; trial of heparin." 06/15/2005 - "Where available, antivenom is the most effective treatment, while standard treatments for other forms of coagulopathy, such as factor replacement therapy and heparin, are either ineffective or dangerous in snakebite coagulopathy, except in specific situations." 01/01/1973 - "Exotic snakebite in an urban setting: heparin therapy of disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient bitten by a saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus)." 12/01/1990 - "Treatment with heparin might be beneficial in coagulopathy secondary to snake bite by reducing circulating active thrombin. " 01/01/2010 - "Ca(2+) ions are essential to myonecrosis, a serious complication of snake envenomation, and heparin seems to counteract this effect. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	First Aid (Aids, First) 01/01/2007 - "Work needs to be done to alter the first aid practices used for snakebites in this area, to encourage more rapid presentation to hospital, and to develop antivenom that is more effective against E sochureki." 12/01/2006 - "This ingenious, simple but safe and effective technique revolutionised first-aid management of snake bite and of some other types of envenomation. " 04/01/2010 - "The study aims to assess the change in the pattern of management of snake bite victims after first aid training. " 06/01/2008 - "In the prospective Royal Darwin Hospital snakebite study, pressure-immobilization first aid (PI) was used more often than in previous studies. " 06/01/2008 - "Effectiveness of pressure-immobilization first aid for snakebite requires further study."
2.	Traditional Medicine (Folk Remedies) 10/01/2006 - "In Indian traditional medicine, various plants have been used widely as a remedy for treating snake bites. " 12/01/2012 - "In Myanmar and Indian traditional medicine, various plants have used as a remedy for treating snake bite. " 01/01/2015 - "The present ethno botanical study carried out among the folk medicine practitioners in the rural settle mental areas of Kallar forest region of southern Kerala, aims to document the folk herbal knowledge particularly for snake envenomation. " 09/11/2014 - "The 88 plant species investigated in this study have been used as folk remedies for treatment of snakebite, and it is therefore the aim of this study to investigate whether the plants contain compounds with bacterial growth inhibition. " 01/01/2014 - "Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiophidic properties of Jatropha gossypiifolia, a medicinal plant used in folk medicine to treat snakebites. "
3.	Therapeutics 01/01/2011 - "Our findings have potential for helping the future development of improved therapeutics for snake bites." 09/01/2011 - "As such, the use of Mimosa pudica (Mimosaceae) as therapeutics for snake bites is questionable as all the possible in vivo rescue studies and pre-treatment of the active constituents showed no protection against the affected mice." 08/01/2012 - "[Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutics aspects of snakebites in the Gabriel-Touré and Kati national hospitals of Mali: a ten-year retrospective study]." 01/01/2012 - "A better understanding of their sequence, structure, function and phylogenetic relationships will improve the knowledge on the pathological conditions and aid in the development of novel therapeutics for treating snakebites. " 01/01/2011 - "Currently, snakebite therapeutics facing plethora of scientific, technological and public health challenges, including secondary/long term complications that have not been given importance so far. "
4.	Immunotherapy 01/01/2008 - "Immunotherapy is the most effective treatment for the snake bites. " 01/01/1988 - "The method, which might be adapted to measure envenomation by other snake species, seems to be sufficiently rapid and sensitive to allow routine evaluation of the gravity of a snake bite in humans and to estimate the efficacy of immunotherapy." 12/01/2014 - "In our context, no specific immunotherapy is available, and the management of snake bites is based on symptomatic measures. " 01/01/2012 - "Immunotherapy was prescribed in one out of three snakebites in Europe, with a very high geographical variability, in spite of excellent tolerance, at least considering highly-purified immunoglobulin fragments. " 07/01/2008 - "Immunotherapy for treatment of snake bites has been based on mammalian IgG. Recently, polyvalent ovine Fab has become available. "
5.	Bandages (Bandage) 06/01/2009 - "Investigating pressure bandaging for snakebite in a simulated setting: bandage type, training and the effect of transport." 06/01/2002 - "Two cases of brown snake envenomation are presented where the duration of bandage application in one patient was prolonged compared with the other patient and was associated with a reduction in the total amount of antivenom required. " 06/01/2002 - "Early and late removal of the pressure bandage in brown snake envenomation: a report of two cases." 09/19/1981 - "First-aid for snake-bite: efficacy of a constrictive bandage with limb immobilization in the management of human envenomation." 01/01/1991 - "In this report they extensively describe Australian first-aid measures consequent to snakebites, constituted by a compressive bandage and by immobilization of the bitten limb by splinting. "