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Sleep Disorders

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Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)

Also Known As:

Long Sleeper Syndrome; Short Sleeper Syndrome; Sleep-Related Neurogenic Tachypnea; Subwakefullness Syndrome; Long Sleeper Syndromes; Neurogenic Tachypnea, Sleep-Related; Neurogenic Tachypneas, Sleep-Related; Short Sleeper Syndromes; Sleep Related Neurogenic Tachypnea; Sleep-Related Neurogenic Tachypneas; Sleeper Syndrome, Long; Sleeper Syndrome, Short; Sleeper Syndromes, Long; Sleeper Syndromes, Short; Subwakefullness Syndromes; Syndrome, Long Sleeper; Syndrome, Short Sleeper; Syndrome, Subwakefullness; Syndromes, Long Sleeper; Syndromes, Short Sleeper; Syndromes, Subwakefullness; Tachypnea, Sleep-Related Neurogenic; Tachypneas, Sleep-Related Neurogenic

Networked: 1194 relevant articles (92 outcomes, 185 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia)
2.	Dementia (Dementias)
3.	Epilepsy (Aura)
4.	Chronic Kidney Failure (Chronic Renal Failure)
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Cardinali, Daniel P: 10 articles (09/2011 - 04/2002)
2.	Novak, Marta: 7 articles (01/2014 - 07/2004)
3.	Mucsi, Istvan: 7 articles (01/2014 - 07/2004)
4.	Nishino, Seiji: 7 articles (06/2008 - 10/2002)
5.	Flick, Uwe: 6 articles (12/2012 - 07/2010)
6.	Cirillo, Massimo: 6 articles (09/2010 - 07/2006)
7.	De Santo, Rosa Maria: 6 articles (09/2010 - 07/2006)
8.	Reiter, Russel J: 5 articles (01/2015 - 04/2002)
9.	Zisapel, Nava: 5 articles (01/2015 - 01/2004)
10.	Sakurai, Takeshi: 5 articles (10/2013 - 08/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Sleep Disorders:

1.	MelatoninIBA 01/01/2008 - "However, recent meta-analyses revealed that melatonin is not sufficiently effective in treating most primary sleep disorders. " 09/01/2002 - "The most effective treatment for the sleep disorders was melatonin. " 02/01/1999 - "Melatonin has been used successfully to treat jet lag and some circadian-based sleep disorders. " 10/01/1997 - "Limited data from generally short-term trials and anecdotal reports suggest that melatonin may be effective in several of these sleep disorders. " 08/01/2006 - "In conclusion, controlled-release melatonin may provide an effective and well-tolerated treatment for autistic children with chronic sleep disorders."
2.	BenzodiazepinesIBA 01/01/1973 - "[Controlled clinical study of Ro 5-4200, a new benzodiazepine effective in sleep disorders]." 03/01/1998 - "In this study, 124 physicians stratified according to specialty (neuropsychiatrists vs. general practitioners), type of institution (private practice vs. hospital), years of professional experience (young vs. old), and region (rural vs. urban) participated in a structured interview to evaluate their proneness to prescribe benzodiazepines for sleep disorders as well as their personal experience in taking benzodiazepines for their own sleep problems. " 01/01/1998 - "This study shows that the investigated hop-valerian preparation in the appropriate dose is a sensible alternative to benzodiazepine for the treatment of nonchronic and non-psychiatric sleep disorders." 11/01/1995 - "There are no studies regarding the long-term effectiveness of benzodiazepines for the treatment of sleep disorders in the elderly. " 08/01/2013 - "Benzodiazepines have become commonly prescribed medicines worldwide in the therapy of anxiety, sleep disorders and convulsive attacks because they are relatively safe, with mild side effects. "
3.	Hypnotics and Sedatives (Sedatives)IBA 04/01/2014 - "Since hypnotics are traditionally associated with misuse, a lack of abuse liability of DORAs would offer significant benefits over current therapies for sleep disorders. " 09/01/2015 - "A total of 45,602 patients with nonapnea sleep disorders and use of hypnotics were identified as the study cohort. " 09/01/2015 - "Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients With Nonapnea Sleep Disorders in Using Different Types of Hypnotics: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study." 06/01/2015 - "The safety and efficacy data of hypnotics for primary sleep disorders are limited in pediatrics and should be avoided or used with extreme caution in children with comorbid sleep and psychiatric problems. " 12/14/2011 - "Since developing hypnotics that increase NREMS without altering sleep architecture remains a medical challenge, MT(2) receptors may represent a novel target for the treatment of sleep disorders."
4.	orexins (orexin)IBA 08/01/2012 - "Results of these trials support further investigation of SB-649868 and other dual orexin receptor antagonists as potentially effective and well-tolerated treatments for patients with sleep disorders." 08/01/2012 - "This paper describes initial Phase I trials of a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist SB-649868 that has demonstrated preclinical potential for treatment of sleep disorders. " 03/01/2015 - "In this review, we present an overview of our current understanding of orexin function, focusing on sleep disorders, energy balance, and aging, in both rodents and humans. " 01/01/2015 - "We aimed to investigate the clinical presentation of chronobiological features, the presence of concurrent sleep disorders and the relationship with particular sleep phases or phenomena, the possible role of hypocretin as well as the possible involvement of cardiac autonomic control. " 01/01/2014 - "This model may prove useful to predict the effects of orexin receptor antagonists in sleep disorders and other conditions. "
5.	modafinil (armodafinil)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "Even though very effective for sleep disorders, it is still controversial whether modafinil can improve performance in high-order cognitive processes such as memory and executive function. " 06/01/2008 - "Clinical trials in these sleep disorders demonstrated an enhanced efficacy for wake promotion (wake sustained for a longer time period using doses lower than those of modafinil). " 10/01/2011 - "Clinical trials have reported that modafinil, a wake-promoting agent used to treat sleep disorders, may have some efficacy for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction. " 02/01/2015 - "In uncontrolled studies, modafinil has been reported to be efficacious in the treatment of sleep disorders. " 09/01/2011 - "These results validate the use of zebrafish as an animal model for the study of sleep and provide a means for dissecting the neural mechanisms of modafinil, and, more broadly, sleep disorders."
6.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 01/01/2013 - "There is a need for further study in order to understand what type of monitoring and care (if any) may help prevent DDDS related to these co-morbidities and sleep disorders/abnormalities." 12/28/2014 - "There is a great importance of diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders regarding quality of life, co-morbidity and mortality in both genders. " 05/01/2013 - "Co-existent primary sleep disorders, medication side effects, overnight re-emergence of motor symptoms, and primary neurodegeneration itself, are main causes of sleep disruption and excessive daytime sleepiness among patients with PD. " 10/01/2012 - "Main measures were as follows: presence (according to DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria) of PI, SDMD, SDMC or other sleep disorders, co-morbidity and psychotropic consumption. " 09/01/2012 - "The co-occurrence of sleep disorders and medical conditions in childhood and adolescence is quite frequent and has an impact on general health and quality of life."
7.	((2R)- 2- ((1S)- 6,7- dimethoxy- 1- (2- (4- trifluoromethylphenyl)- ethyl)- 3,4- dihydro- 1H- isoquinolin- 2- yl)- N- methyl- 2- phenylacetamide)IBA 04/01/2014 - "This study in humans investigating single doses of almorexant is the first to explore and show abuse liability of a DORA, a class of compounds that is not only promising for the treatment of sleep disorders, but also of addiction." 01/01/2012 - "Almorexant, a dual orexin/hypocretin R(1) and R(2) receptor antagonist, has proven effective in preclinical studies in promoting sleep in animal models and was in Phase III clinical trials for sleep disorders. " 10/10/2013 - "Dual orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists (DORAs) such as almorexant, 1 (SB-649868), or suvorexant have shown promise for the treatment of insomnias and sleep disorders in several recent clinical trials in volunteers and primary insomnia patients. " 01/01/2013 - "Dual orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists (DORAs) such as almorexant, SB-649868, suvorexant (MK-4305), and filorexant (MK-6096), have shown promise for the treatment of insomnias and sleep disorders. "
8.	ramelteon (Rozerem)FDA Link 11/01/2007 - "However, the recent approval of Ramelteon for treatment of sleep disorders and the evaluation of other compounds in clinical trials have highlighted their clinical importance. " 06/01/2009 - "Ramelteon: a review of its therapeutic potential in sleep disorders." 02/01/2008 - "A review of ramelteon in the treatment of sleep disorders." 11/01/2004 - "Based on its unique mechanism of action, ramelteon should be studied further to evaluate its potential for the treatment of sleep disorders." 01/01/2013 - "Ramelteon had a systemic anti-inflammatory effect and improved sleep disorders and LUTS, suggesting that it may be a useful treatment for patients with LUTS-associated insomnia."
9.	Tricyclic Antidepressive Agents (Tricyclic Antidepressants)IBA 01/01/2000 - "Tricyclic antidepressants are generally thought to be effective in alleviating symptoms, including nightmares, depression, sleep disorders and startle reactions, but are less able to relieve numbing. " 02/13/1991 - "[Tricyclic antidepressive agents are effective in the treatment of sleep disorders among torture and war victims]." 04/01/2004 - "Tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed in the treatment of sleep disorders, but have problems with decreasing slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep phases. " 12/01/1986 - "Fluoxetine has overall therapeutic efficacy comparable with imipramine, amitriptyline and doxepin in patients with unipolar depression treated for 5 to 6 weeks, although it may be less effective than tricyclic antidepressants in relieving sleep disorders in depressed patients. "
10.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 04/01/1995 - "These findings suggest that beta 2 and/or 5-HT receptor occupancy is superior to beta 1 receptor occupancy as an index for the sleep disorders." 04/01/1995 - "In the present study, we hypothesized that the sleep disorders are induced by the blockade of central or peripheral beta 2 receptors and/or central serotonin (5-HT) receptors. " 08/23/1988 - "[Clinical studies of the effect of the serotonin precursor, L-5-hydroxytryptophan, on sleep disorders]." 06/01/2012 - "Impaired or altered 5-HT neurotransmission appears to be involved in depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as in sleep disorders. " 01/01/2001 - "The tool used for this latter purpose was the Aubin-Jouvent-Rating-Scale (AJRS) which was designed to assess the deficit of serotonin: this is a scale with 10 items, some of them regrouped into a "general" factor (irritability, sudden mood change, impatience, aggressivity) or a "depression" factor (pain, anxiety, suicidal ideas) with additional items related to sleep disorders, abnormalities in eating behavior and inability to tolerate isolation. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 09/01/2013 - "After treatment, global PSQI scores and severe sleep disorders improved. " 04/01/2013 - "Self-harm, sleep disorders and psychiatric symptoms were greatly improved after treatment and attention deficit, excessive activities, impulse to attack behavior, stereotyped behaviors and irritability were also improved to some extent. " 01/01/1989 - "Differential improvement in POMS scores after treatment for different sleep disorders could mean that the relationship to mood disturbance differs for different sleep disorders." 03/01/2013 - "When comparing after treatment with before treatment, there were significant differences in the PSQI score of sleep quality, time to sleep, sleep time, sleep disorders in Group A (P <0.05) and significant differences in the PSQI score of sleep quality, time to sleep, sleep time, sleep disorders and daytime disorders in Group B (P <0.01 or P<0.05). " 08/01/2012 - "Sleep disorders in children after treatment for a CNS tumour."
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 03/01/2015 - "The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RLS and its sleep disorders in Iranian patients on hemodialysis. " 01/01/2007 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate sleep disorders using polysomnography on a non-selected population of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. " 01/01/2005 - "The objective of this study was to determine the rate of sleep disorders in patients on hemodialysis and to evaluate the association between quality of sleep and quality of life in these patients. " 07/01/2015 - "We concluded that the sleep disorders are common in CKD patients either on conservative management or on regular hemodialysis. " 07/01/2015 - "The results showed that patients on hemodialysis have sleep disorders, and that sleep disorders are common in group I and II than control group. "
3.	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 10/01/2009 - "Medicare has lowered the diagnostic threshold for diagnosis and reimbursement; the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revision 2 (2005) has allowed OSA to be diagnosed exclusively by a laboratory test without the patient having clinical symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness; and industry is poised to have the public buy computer-assisted continuous positive airway pressure machines without need of a physician prescription. " 03/01/2008 - "Treatment of sleep disorders, specifically sleep apnea with continuous positive airway pressure, has been shown to improve patient erectile function. " 11/01/1999 - "A study was conducted at the Tri-State Sleep Disorders Center of Cincinnati, Ohio, to evaluate both quantitative and qualitative daily function and productivity outcomes of treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP). " 09/01/2014 - "In conclusion, ophthalmic evaluation should be recommended in patients with severe OSAHS, and the presence of sleep disorders should be investigated in patients with glaucoma, especially in NTG patients and in those with progressive damage despite controlled IOP, as treatment with continuous positive airway pressure may contribute to stabilizing the progression of glaucomatous damage. " 12/01/2001 - "The large and growing numbers of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) attending sleep disorders clinics create major logistical difficulties for the follow-up of these patients, particularly those on nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP). "
4.	Phototherapy (Light Therapy) 01/01/2014 - "Light therapies that specifically target regulation of the circadian system in principle could be used to treat sleep disorders in this population. " 12/01/2013 - "Sleep disorders and winter depression are corrected by phototherapy utilising this mechanism. " 05/12/2010 - "These results suggest that light therapy for sleep disorders and other indications might be optimized by stimulating both photoreceptor systems." 04/15/2009 - "This article reviews the neural underpinnings of circadian neurobiology crucial for understanding the influence of light therapy on brain function, common mood and sleep disorders in which light therapy may be effectively used, and applications of light therapy in clinical practice." 08/01/1999 - "The guidelines provide recommendations for the practice of sleep medicine in North America regarding the use of light therapy for treatment of various sleep disorders. "
5.	Hypnosis (Mesmerism) 08/01/2008 - "We also examine the research data available on the efficacy of hypnosis in the treatment of sleep disorders. " 03/01/2015 - "Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders." 09/01/1995 - "Hypnosis and its use in sleep disorders are discussed, and it is hypothesized that hypnosis is an effective intervention in disorders that occur at the interface between waking and sleep." 10/20/1970 - "[Modern hypnosis therapy in functional sleep disorders]." 01/01/1969 - "[Hypnosis in chronic sleep disorders]."