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Sleep Deprivation

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The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder.

Also Known As:

Deprivation, REM Sleep; Deprivation, Sleep; Deprivations, REM Sleep; Deprivations, Sleep; Fragmentation, Sleep; Fragmentations, Sleep; Insufficient Sleep Syndromes; REM Sleep Deprivations; Sleep Deprivation, REM; Sleep Deprivations; Sleep Deprivations, REM; Sleep Fragmentations; Syndrome, Insufficient Sleep; Syndromes, Insufficient Sleep; Insufficient Sleep Syndrome; REM Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Fragmentation

Networked: 2010 relevant articles (86 outcomes, 309 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Mood Disorders (Mood Disorder)
2.	Bipolar Disorder (Mania)
3.	Major Depressive Disorder (Major Depressive Disorders)
4.	Anoxia (Hypoxia)
5.	Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Experts

1.	Tufik, Sergio: 52 articles (11/2015 - 07/2003)
2.	Andersen, Monica L: 24 articles (09/2014 - 11/2003)
3.	Benedetti, Francesco: 20 articles (08/2015 - 10/2002)
4.	Colombo, Cristina: 19 articles (08/2015 - 10/2002)
5.	Smeraldi, Enrico: 18 articles (08/2015 - 10/2002)
6.	Balkin, Thomas J: 17 articles (06/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Tufik, S: 16 articles (09/2014 - 03/2000)
8.	Porkka-Heiskanen, Tarja: 15 articles (04/2015 - 02/2003)
9.	Krueger, James M: 13 articles (07/2015 - 09/2003)
10.	Killgore, William D S: 13 articles (10/2014 - 09/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Sleep Deprivation:

1.	Caffeine (No Doz)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2002 - "In the present study, 21 months old male F344 rats fed a 60% calorie-reduced diet continued to have a significant reduction in delta power (0.3-4 Hz EEG), less sleep following 12 h total sleep deprivation (TSD) and increased sensitivity to caffeine compared to young rats (3 months) fed a similar diet. " 07/01/2014 - "Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the pre-frontal cortex at 2 mA for 30 min to remediate the effects of sleep deprivation and to compare the behavioral effects of tDCS with those of caffeine. " 01/01/2011 - "The efficacy of caffeine to restore detrimental effects of sleep deprivation seems to be partly due to caffeine expectancy and to placebo effects. " 10/01/2006 - "A majority of sleep deprivation-induced performance decrements were attenuated by 200 mg of caffeine in tube food consumed every 4 h, and in some cases, performance was improved beyond baseline levels. " 05/01/1997 - "The MWT demonstrated that caffeine improved ability to remain awake even after 2 nights of sleep deprivation. "
2.	modafinil (armodafinil)FDA Link 09/15/2013 - "Modafinil ameliorates cognitive deficits induced by maternal separation and sleep deprivation." 08/21/2012 - "The efficacy of modafinil as a countermeasure in the reduction of cognitive decline following 24 h of sleep deprivation (SD) on subjective sleepiness scales, event-related potential (ERP) P300, and contingent negative variation (CNV) was evaluated. " 08/01/2010 - "Employing a novel sleep-pharmacogenetic approach, we investigated the interaction of modafinil with sleep deprivation to study dopaminergic mechanisms of sleep homeostasis. " 01/01/2006 - "Modafinil also impairs post-sleep deprivation recovery sleep, but from the few studies available addressing this issue, it is unclear whether these sleep impairments translate into post-sleep performance impairments. " 10/01/2013 - "Using two quantitative EEG-based measures-power spectral and event-related brain activity analyses-we observed that armodafinil mitigated the slowing of brain activity and the decrease of the event-related brain activity caused by sleep deprivation. "
3.	MelatoninIBA 08/01/2009 - "This study has been designed to explore the possible involvement of the GABAergic mechanism in protective effects of melatonin against 72-h sleep deprivation-induced behaviour modification and oxidative damage in mice. " 10/01/1988 - "We have improved our infusion paradigm so that levels of melatonin during infusion are now indistinguishable from those occurring during sleep in the dark or dim light sleep deprivation. " 08/01/2009 - "This study suggests that GABAergic modulation is involved in the protective action of melatonin against sleep deprivation-induced anxiety-like behaviour and associated oxidative damage." 11/01/2007 - "Study 1. There was a small, but significant effect of sleep deprivation of up to 50 hours on melatonin concentrations (increase of 9.81 +/- 3.73%, P <0.05, compared to normally timed melatonin). " 03/03/2000 - "Since melatonin has been shown to prevent oxidative damage in other experimental situations, the present study tested the effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep deprivation-induced GSH decreases. "
4.	LithiumIBA 09/01/1986 - "Depressed patients given a loading dose of lithium on the first of 2 successive days of partial sleep deprivation (PSD), and kept at maintenance levels thereafter, showed significantly greater prolongation of the antidepressant effects of PSD than patients treated with PSD and placebo, even though the acute elevation in mood derived from PSD was as great on placebo as on lithium. " 03/01/1994 - "Lithium sustains the acute antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation: preliminary findings from a controlled study." 02/01/1992 - "They focused on six uses of sleep deprivation: 1) to potentiate response to antidepressant medication (13 studies), 2) to hasten the onset of action of antidepressant medication or lithium (five studies), 3) to prevent recurrent mood cycles (four studies), 4) as an alternative to antidepressant medication (five studies), 5) as a diagnostic probe (two studies), and 6) to predict response to antidepressant medication (nine studies). " 03/01/1985 - "This study constitutes the first attempt to evaluate chronic lithium effects on rats undergoing REM sleep deprivation, chosen as another method of inducing alteration of dopaminergic sensitivity." 12/01/2013 - "Lithium pretreatment has no effect on WT animals versus their baseline but significantly reduces hyperactivity induced by sleep deprivation in KO. "
5.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 01/01/1986 - "Furthermore, total or partial sleep deprivation or phase advance of the sleep-wake cycle can induce remission (albeit temporary) in many depressive patients, and antidepressant drugs influence circadian rhythm characteristics. " 08/01/1987 - "Clinical studies have suggested that sleep deprivation could potentiate the therapeutic effects of antidepressants, and there were reports on DMI stimulation of GH. " 02/01/2014 - "This case report shows that a combination of slow rate rTMS and partial sleep deprivation in the patient at the fixed dose of antidepressants, have strong synergistic effect even with potential to induce hypomanic switch, that is the first description in the literature to our knowledge." 08/10/2011 - "Sleep deprivation (SD) has been shown to produce a rapid antidepressant response within one day in 50-60% of patients with MDD; thus, identifying its antidepressant mechanism may contribute to the development of antidepressants that act more rapidly. " 06/01/2004 - "In the present report, an animal model of depression (the forced-swim test) was used to determine whether the effects of total sleep deprivation parallel those obtained with antidepressant drugs. "
6.	CreatineIBA 05/01/2011 - "Subsequent studies have demonstrated that cognitive processing, that is either experimentally (following sleep deprivation) or naturally (due to aging) impaired, can be improved with creatine supplementation. " 09/03/2008 - "Creatine supplementation has been reported to improve certain aspects of cognitive and psychomotor function in older individuals and in young subjects following 24 and 36 h of sleep deprivation. " 01/30/2007 - "It was concluded that, during sleep deprivation with moderate-intensity exercise, creatine supplementation only affects performance of complex central executive tasks." 03/01/2006 - "Following 24-h sleep deprivation, creatine supplementation had a positive effect on mood state and tasks that place a heavy stress on the prefrontal cortex." 03/01/2006 - "Therefore, creatine supplementation should lessen the negative effects of sleep deprivation. "
7.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1999 - "We conclude that sleep deprivation results in a significant reduction of cortisol secretion the next day and this reduction appears to be, to a large extent, driven by the increase of slow wave sleep during the recovery night. " 06/01/2015 - "This study aimed to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on serum cortisol level and mental health and explore the correlations between them in servicemen. " 11/15/2012 - "Notably, the model reconciled the seemingly contradictory findings between studies that report an increase in cortisol concentration following total sleep deprivation and studies that report no change in concentration. " 11/01/2000 - "In 15 PMDD and 15 NC subjects we measured cortisol levels every 30 min from 6:00 PM to 9:00 AM during midfollicular (MF) and late luteal (LL) menstrual cycle phases and also during a randomized crossover trial of early (sleep 3:00 AM-7:00 AM) versus late (sleep 9:00 PM-1:00 AM) partial sleep deprivation administered in two subsequent and separate luteal phases. " 07/01/2015 - "Acute total sleep deprivation significantly increased cortisol levels (p<0.0001), whereas chronic circadian misalignment significantly reduced cortisol levels (p<0.05). "
8.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2012 - "Because the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea is extremely high in patients with diabetes, sufficient sleep duration with treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, which ameliorates sleep fragmentation, might improve fasting plasma glucose." 01/01/2010 - "The objective of this study was to examine whether experimental sleep fragmentation across all sleep stages would alter glucose metabolism, adrenocortical function, and sympathovagal balance. " 01/30/2009 - "Cerebral glucose metabolic response to combined total sleep deprivation and antidepressant treatment in geriatric depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled study." 06/01/2006 - "Brain imaging studies demonstrate that sleep deprivation reduces glucose metabolism and blood flow in the prefrontal cortex, and such reductions are associated with impairments in cognitive functioning. " 02/01/2005 - "The Night 1 study showed sleep fragmentation associated to a short REM latency and a severe reduction of slow wave sleep, with relatively preserved NREM-REM sleep cycles; daytime PET 1 revealed severe cerebral glucose metabolic reductions in frontal and temporal areas, with relative preservation of remaining cortical regions and subcortical structures. "
9.	Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2000 - "This study was conducted to extend the findings of earlier research that had proven the efficacy of Dexedrine during shorter periods (i.e., 40 h) of sleep deprivation. " 08/01/2012 - "The aims were to assess the effects on fundamental driving parameters during simulated driving of two doses of d-amphetamine and further to assess the interaction between d-amphetamine and sleep deprivation. " 08/01/2012 - "Effects of d-amphetamine on simulated driving performance before and after sleep deprivation." 11/01/2003 - "Utility of dextroamphetamine for attenuating the impact of sleep deprivation in pilots." 03/01/2003 - "At the level of the waking EEG, d-amphetamine attenuated the natural circadian rhythm of the different frequency bands and suppressed the sleep deprivation-related increase in low frequency (0.5-7 Hz) powers. "
10.	Clomipramine (Anafranil)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1986 - "Is there a relationship between response to total sleep deprivation and efficacy of clomipramine treatment in depressed patients?" 09/01/1984 - "An improvement in mood after sleep deprivation is a predictor for a future response to Clomipramine. " 01/01/1993 - "This study explored and compared the effects of long-term clomipramine with those of sleep deprivation from 1 to 4 days in the firing rate of lateral septal neurons. " 04/01/2009 - "Mid-term effects of serial sleep deprivation therapy implemented in cognitive-behavioral treatment on the neuroendocrine response to clomipramine in patients with major depression." 06/09/2000 - "Effects of REM sleep deprivation on cholinergic receptor sensitivity and passive avoidance behavior in clomipramine model of depression."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Phototherapy (Light Therapy) 02/01/1993 - "Therapeutically, this hypothesis implies that application of bright light therapy or the use of other major synchronizers of circadian rhythms such as sleep deprivation or application of external weak magnetic fields may be beneficial in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of relapses in the disease." 08/15/2011 - "Furthermore, the antidepressant efficacy of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies affecting endogenous circadian rhythms, such as new antidepressant medications, light-therapy and sleep deprivation, is consistent with the idea that circadian alterations may represent a core component of depression, at least in a subgroup of depressed patients. " 03/01/2014 - "The present study investigates the additional benefit of sleep deprivation combined with bright light therapy, as compared to mere bright light therapy. " 01/01/2002 - "Inpatient studies have suggested that bright light therapy can be used to sustain the antidepressant effects of wake therapy (sleep deprivation). " 08/30/2015 - "Repeated total sleep deprivation combined with light therapy (TSD+LT) can acutely reverse depressive symptoms and has been proposed as a model antidepressant treatment. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2004 - "Most of the studies applied bright light as adjunctive treatment to drug therapy, sleep deprivation, or both. " 01/01/2004 - "Most of the studies applied bright light as adjunctive treatment to drug therapy, sleep deprivation, or both. " 01/01/1998 - "Although a combination of antidepressive pharmacotherapy with repeated sleep deprivation therapy has proved to be an effective and easily applied treatment strategy, no systematic study investigating the most favourable interval between the sleep deprivation trials is available. " 11/01/2005 - "In conclusion, changes in subjective sleep quality could occur relative to the combined partial sleep deprivation therapy and to pharmacotherapy and must be differentiated from the rapid effects of sleep deprivation therapy and objective polysomnographic measures." 11/01/1998 - "Sleep deprivation or "stay awake"-therapy), given in addition to drug therapy, is seen as an effective anti-depressive treatment with actually no side effects. "
3.	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 09/01/1998 - "This study investigates the ability of electroencephalograph (EEG) and non-EEG sleep fragmentation indices to predict both presenting sleepiness and the improvement in sleepiness with subsequent nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapy (nCPAP responsive sleepiness). " 12/01/2011 - "In this study, we investigated whether sleep fragmentation secondary to SA masks the underlying frequency or severity of PLMS in 16 patients with CKD, dialysis and not-on-dialysis patients (CKD-ND), and if successful treatment of SA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) results in the increased appearance of PLMS. " 01/01/2011 - "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for OSA, since it eliminates upper airway collapse during sleep and improves sleep fragmentation, daytime symptoms and quality of life. " 05/01/2010 - "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for OSAS, since it eliminates upper airway collapse during sleep and also improves sleep fragmentation, daytime symptoms and quality of life. " 07/01/2001 - "Control data for OSA, sleep deprivation and alcohol were obtained following treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP), after a normal night of sleep, and following no alcohol, respectively. "
4.	Chronotherapy 01/20/2010 - "Several advances in chronotherapy as well as developments in treatment protocols have helped to prolong the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation. " 01/10/2013 - "In this study, we investigated the benefits of total sleep deprivation (TSD) followed by SPA and BLT in drug-resistant depression alongside ongoing antidepressant medication and observed the added effectiveness of the combined chronotherapy. " 05/01/2015 - "Sleep deprivation as a method of chronotherapy in the treatment of depression." 01/01/2011 - "The efficiency and the timing of treatments based on chronotherapy (e.g., light treatment, sleep deprivation, and scheduled medication) indicate that the circadian system is an essential target in the therapy of depression. " 10/01/2008 - "Chronotherapies, including bright light exposure, sleep deprivation, and social rhythm therapies, may be useful adjuncts in non-seasonal and seasonal depression. "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 02/01/1976 - "Phasic depressives showed a marked improvement after treatment by sleep deprivation. " 08/01/2009 - "Sleepiness, the mood state, and quality of life (QOL) were compared in patients with insufficient sleep syndrome (ISS), between before and after treatment. " 08/01/1999 - "High pretreatment metabolic rates and decreases in metabolic rates after treatment in the medial prefrontal cortex may characterize a subgroup of depressed patients who improve following sleep deprivation and, perhaps, other antidepressant treatments." 02/01/1997 - "The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the circadian rhythm of core body temperature is altered in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) subjects compared to that in normal comparison (NC) subjects and that it is normalized in PMDD subjects after treatment with early night partial sleep deprivation (ESD) or late night partial sleep deprivation (LSD). " 01/01/1988 - "Results are presented of the study of catecholamine system in endogenic depressive patients before and after treatment with sleep deprivation (26 patients) of tricyclic antidepressants (30 patients). "