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Sleep Apnea Syndromes (Sleep Apnea)

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Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.

Also Known As:

Sleep Apnea; Mixed Central and Obstructive Sleep Apnea; Sleep Apnea, Mixed; Sleep Apnea, Mixed Central and Obstructive; Sleep Hypopnea; Apnea Syndrome, Sleep; Apnea Syndromes, Sleep; Apneas, Sleep; Breathing, Sleep-Disordered; Hypopnea, Sleep; Hypopneas, Sleep; Mixed Sleep Apnea; Mixed Sleep Apneas; Sleep Apnea Syndrome; Sleep Apneas; Sleep Apneas, Mixed; Sleep Disordered Breathing; Sleep Hypopneas; Apnea, Sleep; Hypersomnia with Periodic Respiration; Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Networked: 2728 relevant articles (165 outcomes, 327 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Apnea
2.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
3.	Weight Loss (Weight Reduction)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Heart Failure

Experts

1.	Gozal, David: 24 articles (03/2014 - 04/2004)
2.	Redline, Susan: 20 articles (11/2015 - 05/2003)
3.	Guilleminault, Christian: 17 articles (05/2014 - 09/2002)
4.	Kaditis, Athanasios G: 16 articles (05/2013 - 08/2004)
5.	Gourgoulianis, Konstantinos: 16 articles (11/2011 - 08/2004)
6.	Punjabi, Naresh M: 15 articles (11/2015 - 03/2002)
7.	Grunstein, Ronald R: 14 articles (12/2014 - 08/2003)
8.	Schwartz, Alan R: 13 articles (08/2015 - 03/2002)
9.	Ancoli-Israel, Sonia: 12 articles (11/2014 - 10/2002)
10.	Alexopoulos, Emmanouel I: 12 articles (08/2011 - 08/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Sleep Apnea Syndromes:

1.	OxygenIBA 07/01/2003 - "Sleep apnea, desaturation, and minimal oxygen saturation were markedly improved. " 06/01/1982 - "In contrast, after institution of treatment with low-flow nocturnal oxygen, there was a marked decrease in the number and duration of sleep apneas, and an increase in the level of ventilation during sleep. " 01/01/2007 - "Adenotonsillectomy significantly improved oxygen saturation, as measured through nocturnal pulse oximetry, in children with sleep disordered breathing." 02/01/2014 - "CPAP is superior to positional therapy in reducing the severity of sleep apnea and increasing the oxygen saturation level in patients with positional OSA." 09/01/1981 - "During sleep, apneas were completely eliminated and only one episode of oxygen desaturation occurred. "
2.	SASIBA 08/15/2001 - "The patients initially treated with placebo CPAP improved significantly more when optimal CPAP was applied for ESS (-2.3 versus -6.7, p < 0.001) and other sleep apnea syndrome (SAS)-related symptoms (-4.5 versus -11.2, p = 0.02). " 10/01/2012 - "The SAS CARE study will improve our understanding of the clinical sleep-disordered breathing in patients with acute cerebrovascular event and the feasibility/efficacy of continuous positive airways pressure treatment in selected patients with acute cerebrovascular event and sleep-disordered breathing." 01/01/2010 - "Polysomnography (PSG) has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). " 07/01/2006 - "Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). " 01/01/2002 - "The gold standard diagnostic method for sleep apnea syndrome(SAS) is overnight polysomnography(PSG), but is costly in terms of time and money. "
3.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 05/01/2012 - "However, insulin sensitivity improved in those with AHI ≥ 30, suggesting beneficial metabolic effects of CPAP in severe sleep apnea. " 07/01/2014 - "Frequency of snorting or stopping breathing and sleep apnea status were associated with concentrations of insulin and of HbA1c only when BMI was not accounted for. " 09/01/2013 - "CPAP promoted a significant increase on peripheral insulin sensitivity in acromegalic patients with moderate to severe sleep apnea on SA use. " 05/01/2010 - "High baseline insulin levels associated with 6-year incident observed sleep apnea." 12/01/2005 - "Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing and fasting insulin levels in nonobese children."
4.	Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)IBA 11/01/1989 - "Growth hormone levels were normalized and a rapid improvement in sleep apnea was controlled with polygraphic nocturnal monitoring. " 01/01/1988 - "In addition to a significant reduction of the plasma growth hormone concentration and measurable decrease in acral overgrowth, a dramatic improvement of the sleep apnea was observed. " 10/01/1994 - "However, sleep apnea may either persist despite normalization of growth hormone levels or may improve markedly even if there is only partial biochemical remission." 10/01/2013 - "The natural history of sleep and breathing issues and the issues surrounding growth hormone treatment on sleep-disordered breathing are discussed." 06/01/1997 - "Sleep apnea in patients receiving growth hormone."
5.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2010 - "These results suggest that despite comparable improvement in abnormal respiratory events with APAP or CPAP treatments, CPAP may be superior to APAP in terms of correcting cardiovascular alterations in sleep apnea patients." 07/01/2015 - "This study challenged on a bench-test the efficacy of auto-titrating positive airway pressure (APAP) devices for obstructive sleep disordered breathing treatment and evaluated the accuracy of the device reports. " 07/01/2013 - "The role for empirical postoperative APAP requires further study, but the findings did not show benefit for APAP applied postoperatively to positive airway pressure-naive patients at high risk for sleep apnea." 04/01/2010 - "Comparison of these trials is challenging, since APAP technology is evolving promptly and devices differ not only in how sleep-disordered breathing is detected, but also in how the operational algorithm responds accordingly. " 03/01/2013 - "Auto-CPAP devices (APAP) are controlled, e.g.,by the respiratory flow and pressure to adjust the treatment pressure to the variable obstruction in sleep apnea syndromes.By"
6.	Acetazolamide (Diamox)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2015 - "If CPAP therapy is not feasible, acetazolamide alone is better than no treatment at all, as it improves oxygenation and sleep apnea and prevents excessive blood pressure rises of OSA patients at altitude." 08/01/2009 - "These results reveal a novel means by which acetazolamide acts to stabilize breathing and may help explain the beneficial effects of the drug on breathing stability at altitude and in patients with central forms of sleep-disordered breathing." 02/15/2009 - "Acetazolamide as an adjunct to CPAP treatment: a case of complex sleep apnea in a patient on long-acting opioid therapy." 04/01/1999 - "Clinical efficacy and indication of acetazolamide treatment on sleep apnea syndrome." 03/01/1995 - "Effects of acetazolamide on the sleep apnea syndrome and its therapeutic mechanism."
7.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 05/01/2007 - "This study explored the possibility that occupational exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) could influence the synchronisation of upper airway and lower respiratory muscles and thus induce sleep disordered breathing. " 07/01/2004 - "In the present study we attempt to determine the prevalence of International Classification of Disease-ninth revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9 CM) coded sleep apnea with cardiovascular and metabolic co-morbidities in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) beneficiaries. " 07/01/2015 - "During the baseline polysomnogram SV and CO decreased more overnight in those with OSA than in those without sleep apnea (-12.6 ± 7.7% vs -3.2 ± 6.8%; P < 0.001 and -16.2 ± 9.9% vs -3.7 ± 8.3%; P < 0.001, respectively). " 07/01/2015 - "We therefore hypothesized that, in HF patients, those with OSA would have greater overnight declines in SV and cardiac output (CO) than in those without sleep apnea, and that therapy of OSA using CPAP would prevent these declines. " 03/01/2015 - "This model retained its predictive accuracy even with co-morbid sleep apnea. "
8.	HormonesIBA 12/01/1992 - "More specific blockers such as gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogs may have more clinical effect or, alternatively, androgen blockade may be more beneficial in patients with milder sleep apnea." 10/01/2015 - "We investigate healthy user bias in the association of hormone therapy with sleep-disordered breathing in the Sleep in Midlife Women Study. " 06/01/2014 - "The results of this study indicate that the day-night variations in the levels of several metabolic hormones are not influenced by the presence of sleep apnea." 06/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sleep apnea on diurnal variations in metabolic hormones. " 06/01/2011 - "The objective of this study was to define the effect of sleep apnea on the reproductive hormones and sexual function in obese men. "
9.	Carbon DioxideIBA 10/01/2003 - "To assess the occurrence and nature of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in 26 adult, nonobese diabetics (18 with autonomic neuropathy (DAN+) (age 45 (41-50) yrs; body mass index (BMI) 24.1 (22-26) kg x m(-2)) and eight without autonomic neuropathy (DAN-) (age 45 (35-55) yrs; BMI 24.8 (23-26) kg x m(-2))) overnight full sleep studies and measurements of central and peripheral carbon dioxide (CO2) chemosensitivity were performed. " 12/01/2015 - "Transcutaneous carbon dioxide during sleep-disordered breathing." 09/15/2015 - "We propose that increases in airway collapsibility in the morning may be linked to an endogenous modulation of baseline carbon dioxide levels and chemoreflex sensitivity (12), which are independent of the consequences of sleep apnea. " 03/01/2015 - "Carbon dioxide levels during polygraphy in children with sleep-disordered breathing." 11/15/2014 - "Time of day affects chemoreflex sensitivity and the carbon dioxide reserve during NREM sleep in participants with sleep apnea."
10.	Theophylline (Theon)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2000 - "Concerning respiratory variables, theophylline was most effective in patients with moderate sleep apnea. " 01/01/1999 - "In conclusion, CPAP treatment is more effective than theophylline regarding respiratory variables as well as the normalization of sleep maintenance and sleep architecture in sleep apnea patients." 01/01/2015 - "Frequent and significant sinus pause associated with sleep apnea was successfully treated with theophylline in our patient when the standard treatment of care was refused." 06/01/1998 - "The respiratory monitor enabled us to identify the clinical appearance of sleep-apnea, and theophylline may have contributed to its improvement." 12/01/1993 - "[Long-term treatment of sleep apnea with evening administration of oral retard theophylline]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 09/01/1999 - "Previous studies on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment usually reported significant improvement in mood symptoms in patients with sleep apnea, but most of them did not consider the placebo effect of CPAP. " 03/01/1992 - "Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was the treatment most often used by severe sleep apnea patients, and this improved daytime alertness in 84% of the patients. " 10/01/1993 - "Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has proven to be a safe, effective treatment for sleep apnea patients. " 12/01/1997 - "We demonstrated in a previous study that excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients who have sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) and are undergoing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment improved differently in two groups of patients: in group I, multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) were normalized after 50 days of treatment (individual value > 10 minutes), whereas they remained low (individual value < 10 minutes) in group II, with a significant difference between groups. " 03/01/2000 - "Mean reported educational level was grade 12, and mean reading level was between grade 7 and 8. Using video significantly improved only two areas of knowledge for low-level (below grade 8) readers: defining sleep apnea (66% vs 43%) and identifying what continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) does for the patient (94% vs 78%). "
2.	Tonsillectomy 04/01/1998 - "Although uvulopalatopharyngoplasty has been used extensively to treat sleep apnea, the present results suggests that certain subjects can be effectively treated through only tonsillectomy." 06/01/2013 - "Partial tonsillectomy has a potential for tonsil regrowth and its efficacy in treating sleep-disordered breathing in children is still controversial." 02/01/2015 - "This prospective randomized clinical trial recruited children who had sleep disordered breathing who were scheduled for tonsillectomy +/- adenoid removal. " 01/01/2015 - "Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical management for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children." 01/01/2015 - "For the long run, the dominance of tonsillotomy may be less than tonsillectomy with regard to the rate of sleep-disordered breathing recurrence."
3.	Tracheostomy 12/01/1979 - "One additional adult male was found to have sleep apnea due to severe, acquired micrognathia; he was significantly improved by tracheostomy. " 07/24/1981 - "Tracheostomy resulted in dramatic and sustained improvement in the symptoms of 11 patients with upper airway sleep apnea. " 11/01/1998 - "Sleep apnea surgery versus tracheostomy in children: an exploratory study of the comparative effects on quality of life." 01/01/2015 - "This case illustrates a novel mechanism of post-tracheostomy sleep disordered breathing in obese individuals and emphasizes the need to consider follow-up polysomnography after tracheostomy in this patient population, especially those with persistent symptoms related to sleep or the supine position." 01/01/2015 - "Excessive Dynamic Airway Collapse of the Lower Airway: A Cause for Persistent Sleep Disordered Breathing after Tracheostomy."
4.	Mandibular Advancement 12/01/2000 - "In a second part of the study, a group of 21 patients with sleep disordered breathing treated successfully with a mandibular advancement device is compared to a homologous control group. " 07/15/2008 - "The efficacy of immediate adaptation of mandibular advancement devices made of thermoplastic material as a treatment option for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been demonstrated in clinical studies. " 05/01/2004 - "Altered jaw posture and occlusal disruption patterns following mandibular advancement therapy for sleep apnea: a preliminary study of cephalometric predictors." 07/01/2000 - "Our purpose was to compare the effectiveness and side effects of a novel, single-piece mandibular advancement device (OSA-Monobloc) for sleep apnea therapy with those of a two-piece appliance with lateral Herbst attachments (OSA-Herbst) as used in previous studies. " 04/01/2000 - "In this study the fabrication of a simplified mandibular advancement device for sleep apnea syndrome was described. "
5.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 03/01/2004 - "Although sleep apnea is not improved by conventional modes of dialysis, it is corrected by nocturnal hemodialysis, which provides a new and unique model to study its pathophysiology in this patient population. " 09/01/2006 - "Nocturnal hemodialysis has been shown to improve sleep apnea in patients who receive conventional hemodialysis. " 01/01/2015 - "Prevalence and Diagnostic Approach to Sleep Apnea in Hemodialysis Patients: A Population Study." 12/01/2006 - "Sleep apnea in patients on conventional thrice-weekly hemodialysis: comparison with matched controls from the Sleep Heart Health Study." 05/01/1999 - "The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of sleep complaints and of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in hemodialysis patients not selected for sleep complaints and to determine the effect of hemodialysis on SDB. "