Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)

A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.

Also Known As:

Networked: 47981 relevant articles (3965 outcomes, 12784 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Psychotic Disorders (Schizoaffective Disorder)
2.	Cognitive Dysfunction
3.	Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive Psychosis)
4.	Neurobehavioral Manifestations
5.	Mental Disorders (Mental Disorder)

Experts

1.	Correll, Christoph U: 219 articles (10/2022 - 11/2003)
2.	Kane, John M: 211 articles (06/2022 - 01/2002)
3.	Lieberman, Jeffrey A: 194 articles (01/2022 - 02/2002)
4.	Meltzer, Herbert Y: 175 articles (01/2022 - 03/2002)
5.	Remington, Gary: 170 articles (07/2022 - 01/2002)
6.	Leucht, Stefan: 168 articles (03/2022 - 02/2002)
7.	Iwata, Nakao: 166 articles (11/2022 - 08/2004)
8.	Citrome, Leslie: 162 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
9.	Zhang, Xiang Yang: 149 articles (09/2022 - 04/2002)
10.	Weinberger, Daniel R: 148 articles (01/2022 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Schizophrenia:

1.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 06/01/2023 - "With the introduction of neuroleptic medication, the treatment of schizophrenia changed dramatically, and patients often returned to their family in varying stages of partial remission, increasing the burden on relatives. " 06/01/2022 - "Using the most conservative of these estimates, a meta-analysis of treatment effect heterogeneity provided evidence of a marked variability in antipsychotic-specific effects between individuals with schizophrenia, with the top quartile of patients experiencing beneficial treatment effects of 17.7 points or more on the PANSS total score, while the bottom quartile presented a detrimental effect of treatment relative to placebo. " 05/01/2022 - "Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the most effective treatment for people with schizophrenia. " 01/01/2021 - "The efficacy of antipsychotic medications in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia is modest at best. " 01/01/2021 - "The efficacy of antipsychotics generally appeared to be highly dose-dependent in the acute phase of schizophrenia, with each antipsychotic having a specific dose-response curve. "
2.	Clozapine (Clozaril)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2007 - "The study of anatomic and functional brain variables associated with clozapine response in schizophrenia may help to identify patients who are most likely to benefit from clozapine treatment. " 01/01/1992 - "Clinical studies have shown clozapine to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia and associated with an extremely low incidence of extrapiramidal side effects. " 11/01/1990 - "Clinical studies have shown clozapine to be effective in suppressing both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and to be associated with an extremely low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. " 09/01/2013 - "Our data, although preliminary, suggest that clozapine may have a slightly superior efficacy in the initial year of treatment of first-episode treatment-naïve patients with schizophrenia, and this can be explained for the most part by greater adherence to this treatment. " 03/01/2013 - "Clozapine is the most effective treatment of aggressive behavior in schizophrenia. "
3.	Risperidone (Risperdal Consta)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2004 - "Most patients considered the treatment at least "acceptable" during the study, and mean change at study end corresponded to between "acceptable" and "quite acceptable." After 1 year of risperidone treatment in a naturalistic setting reflecting usual UK clinical practice, patients with chronic schizophrenia showed improvement in symptoms and reduction in disease severity, and only 10 of 79 had relapse; 48.1% of patients were considered to be sustained treatment successes, 36.7% as treatment failures, and 15.2% as not "evaluable." Fifty-one percent of patients were considered to be study successes and 49% as study failures." 08/01/2001 - "Most male (77%) and female (78%) participants were considered to be PANSS responders: risperidone was effective against both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. " 06/01/2000 - "Risperidone is a benzisoxazole derivative which has proven efficacy against the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. " 06/01/1998 - "Risperidone has proven efficacy with reduced likelihood of causing extrapyramidal symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. " 03/01/2021 - "The once daily formulation of risperidone could be beneficial for schizophrenia patients and their caregivers and will improve patient compliance."
4.	Olanzapine (Zyprexa)FDA Link 01/01/2020 - "Olanzapine was considered the most cost-effective drug for the first-line treatment of schizophrenia in Brazil. " 01/11/2013 - "The objective of this study was to confirm the efficacy of rapid-acting IM olanzapine 10 mg was greater than IM placebo in patients with exacerbation of schizophrenia with acute psychotic agitation by comparing changes from baseline to 2 hours after the first IM injection, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Excited Component (PANSS-EC) total score. " 05/01/2010 - "In a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, 6-week trial in adolescents aged 13-17 years with schizophrenia, the least squares mean reduction from baseline to 6 weeks in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children (BPRS-C) total score (primary endpoint) was significantly greater with olanzapine than with placebo. " 05/01/2004 - "The purpose of the study was to assess the efficacy of high doses of olanzapine for treatment of the patient suffering from schizophrenia with predominance of positive symptoms. " 10/01/2003 - "The olanzapine-treated patients showed significant improvement in both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia by the end of the study. "
5.	Aripiprazole (Abilify)FDA Link 09/01/2010 - "This study suggested that most clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia maintain their remission states after being switched to aripiprazole, without serious symptom aggravation and adverse events over a course of 26 weeks." 02/01/2014 - "Three studies assessed the efficacy of aripiprazole on agitation symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and for which a dose of aripiprazole between 1 and 15mg showed significant efficacy compared to placebo. " 05/01/2004 - "In multiple clinical trials, aripiprazole was effective in significantly reducing symptomatology associated with schizophrenia-related disorders compared with placebo (P < 0.05). " 01/01/2022 - "One month later, global functioning and illness insight improved; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score was 43 and CGI score 2. Aripiprazole LAI showed good efficacy and tolerability in an adolescent with schizophrenia. " 03/01/2020 - "The effectiveness of aripiprazole LAI was assessed through the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser scale for side effects, the Global Assessment of Functioning and the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH).Results: Upon treatment with aripiprazole LAI, patients significantly improved all the domains of PANSS (p < .05). "
6.	Haloperidol (Haldol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1978 - "In the double blind study with haloperidol, both substances were found to be highly effective in the treatment of psychotic syndromes belonging predominantly to the schizophrenia group. " 01/01/2010 - "Treatment with RLAI is suggested to result in improved QALYs combined with cost savings compared with haloperidol LAI among the Swedish, high-risk non-compliant schizophrenia patient population. " 11/05/1997 - "It is as effective as haloperidol against the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and more effective against negative symptoms, with significantly fewer extrapyramidal side-effects. " 10/31/2020 - "It might also be superior to haloperidol in inducing symptomatic remission in first episode schizophrenia. " 07/04/2006 - "Haloperidol is a prototype of typical APDs, and the other three drugs are atypical APDs, which are effective in reducing negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia, cause less side effects, and are more tolerable compared to haloperidol. "
7.	Quetiapine Fumarate (Seroquel)FDA Link 04/01/1999 - "From these results, quetiapine fumarate was suggested to be highly effective and safe for the treatment of schizophrenia." 04/01/2007 - "The efficacy of quetiapine in reducing positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia has been proven in several clinical trials with placebo-controlled comparators. " 01/01/1999 - "Quetiapine was found to be effective against both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and had an excellent safety profile. " 01/01/2011 - "Short-term clinical studies have shown that quetiapine XR (400-800 mg/d) is efficacious in the acute treatment of schizophrenia, while a long-term study has shown that quetiapine XR was significantly more effective than placebo at preventing relapse. " 11/01/2010 - "In conclusion, this naturalistic study showed that adherence to quetiapine treatment was high, and treatment was effective in schizophrenia patients during long-term treatment. "
8.	Paliperidone PalmitateFDA Link 05/28/2012 - "Intramuscular paliperidone palmitate 25-150 mg equivalents (mg eq.) effectively reduced symptoms of schizophrenia in most short-term (9-13 weeks) placebo-controlled trials, as demonstrated by improvements in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores from baseline to endpoint that were significantly greater in intramuscular paliperidone palmitate than placebo recipients. " 10/26/2021 - "Paliperidone 3-monthly (PP3M) long-acting injection has proven efficacy and effectiveness in schizophrenia. " 08/01/2015 - "The present study demonstrates that flexible dose of paliperidone resulted in a significant improvement in functioning and reduction in symptoms in patients with recent onset schizophrenia." 07/09/2010 - "Paliperidone ER 3-12 mg/day improved Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores (primary endpoint) from baseline to study end to a significantly greater extent than placebo in 6-week, double-blind trials in patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia. " 07/01/2007 - "In this study, all doses of paliperidone ER were effective in significantly improving the symptoms of schizophrenia and personal and social functioning and were generally well tolerated. "
9.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/21/1999 - "The major findings of this study are: 1. biopsies from patients with schizophrenia showed a significantly reduced ability to attach to the culture slide: 29.9% of patient biopsies attached compared to 73.5% of control biopsies; 2. biopsies from patients with schizophrenia had a significantly greater proportion of cells undergoing mitosis: 0.69% in the patients compared to 0.29% in the controls; and 3. dopamine (10 microM) significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic cells in the control cultures but significantly decreased the proportion in patients' cultures." 01/01/2019 - "This study investigates whether striatal dopamine synthesis capacity is altered in patients with schizophrenia during symptomatic remission of positive symptoms, and whether potential alterations relate to symptoms other than positive, such as cognitive difficulties. " 01/01/1988 - "Future studies in which attempts are made at using both plasma and CSF HVA to enhance neurochemical and clinical correlates may help to advance our understanding of the contributions of specific CNS dopamine systems to schizophrenia." 01/01/2019 - "Results demonstrate that patients with schizophrenia in symptomatic remission of positive symptoms have decreased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, which mediates the disorder's impact on cognitive difficulties. " 01/01/2019 - "Reduced striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with schizophrenia during remission of positive symptoms."
10.	ziprasidone (Geodon)FDA Link 05/01/2002 - "Efficacy data and most safety data for ziprasidone support its use as a first-line treatment for schizophrenia; however, its potential effects on ventricular repolarization relegate it to second-line status in patients with comorbid cardiovascular risks." 10/01/2007 - "This study suggests that ziprasidone may be beneficial for long-term treatment of schizophrenia patients in terms of severity of symptoms, and general functioning. " 08/01/2006 - "This sample was selected because previous findings suggested that clinical and NP symptoms of schizophrenia significantly improved from baseline after a switch to ziprasidone treatment. " 08/01/2013 - "Uncontrolled studies have suggested that increasing the dose of ziprasidone above the standard maximum daily dose of 160 mg may be more effective for some patients with schizophrenia. " 05/01/2017 - "Compared to Han Chinese patients, Mongolian patients appeared to have increased ziprasidone clearance and require higher doses to achieve effective treatment for schizophrenia."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2016 - "The study demonstrates that embodied therapies, such as BPT/DMT, are highly effective in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. " 03/01/2021 - "Our findings suggest that the primary negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be mitigated by adjunctive therapies, and we highlight the pharmacological agents that have proven superior efficacy. " 09/20/2018 - "This is a missed opportunity because Image Rehearsal Therapy, among other psychological and pharmacological interventions, has proven effective for nightmares in non-schizophrenia populations and should be considered at an early stage of psychotic illness as an important adjunct to standard treatment. " 12/01/2015 - "Non-pharmacological therapies were indicated as important to improve patients' chances of finding a job during remission of schizophrenia. " 09/01/2013 - "The field of therapeutics in schizophrenia is redefining optimal outcome, moving beyond clinical remission to a more comprehensive model that also includes functional recovery. "
2.	Injections 06/01/2020 - "Second-generation long-acting injections anti-psychotics improve executive functions in patients with schizophrenia: a 12-month real-world study." 11/19/2019 - "Long-Acting Injections in Schizophrenia: a 3-Year Update on Randomized Controlled Trials Published January 2016-March 2019." 03/01/2013 - "Efficacy and safety of second-generation long-acting injections in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials." 07/01/2023 - "The use of long-acting injectables in early-phase schizophrenia - Authors' reply." 07/01/2023 - "The use of long-acting injectables in early-phase schizophrenia."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 06/01/2003 - "Improved drug therapy for schizophrenia may represent the best strategy for reducing the costs of schizophrenia and the recurrent chronic course of the disease. " 05/01/2009 - "Animal models of schizophrenia are important for research aimed at developing improved pharmacotherapies. " 10/01/1994 - "Despite the proven efficacy of acute and maintenance pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia, practical methods for identifying patients who require continuous treatment to prevent relapse have not been established. " 10/01/2012 - "Psychoeducational and psychotherapeutical interventions, along with pharmacotherapy, can be beneficial in forming positive attitudes toward medication and improving medication adherence in schizophrenia, especially in patients with a short duration of the disease." 01/01/2008 - "It can be concluded that using PST for the treatment of schizophrenia, as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy, could produce significant positive results."
4.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 01/01/2019 - "The promising results regarding the fast-acting beneficial effects of tDCS on cognitive insight and planning ability in schizophrenia require confirmation in future replication studies." 01/01/2018 - "To quantify the efficacy of double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCT) of tDCS and rTMS for the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and identify significant moderators relating to patient-related features and stimulation parameters. " 10/01/2016 - "Therefore, gamma (γ) tACS may be even more effective than tDCS in improving working memory in schizophrenia. " 01/01/2022 - "Promising results are reported for the treatment of negative symptoms with tDCS, tACS and tRNS and could thus represent new therapeutic options in the treatment of schizophrenia. " 01/01/2018 - "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to be effective in treating some of the symptoms of schizophrenia. "
5.	Cognitive Training 01/01/2019 - "Neuroscience-guided cognitive training induces significant improvement in cognition in schizophrenia subjects, but the biological mechanisms associated with these changes are unknown. " 01/01/2018 - "Our results highlighted the significant cost of schizophrenia and suggest that improvement in patient care, based on well-validated targeted therapeutic interventions such as psycho-education and cognitive rehabilitation, could reduce worsening in symptom severity and therefore decrease health care costs." 06/01/2011 - "Improvements in neurocognition and social cognition that result from cognitive rehabilitation are both significant mediators of functional improvement in early-course schizophrenia. " 10/01/2002 - "While this pilot study is limited in terms of sample size, results suggest that the addition of cognitive rehabilitation to the comprehensive treatment of schizophrenia could be beneficial in enhancing daily living skills." 01/01/2021 - "Participants in the daily training group showed improved performance compared to the intensive group only at session 4. This is the first study to show that implicit learning rates are influenced by training intensity, with daily sessions outperforming a more intensive regimen; a period of consolidation overnight may be necessary to optimize cognitive training for individuals with schizophrenia."