Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)

Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States. (Merck Manual, 15th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 3592 relevant articles (198 outcomes, 405 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
3.	Portal Hypertension
4.	Malaria
5.	Liver Cirrhosis (Hepatic Cirrhosis)

Experts

1.	Utzinger, Jürg: 44 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	McManus, Donald P: 30 articles (10/2015 - 10/2002)
3.	Kabatereine, Narcis B: 28 articles (01/2016 - 04/2003)
4.	Keiser, Jennifer: 28 articles (08/2015 - 05/2003)
5.	Fenwick, Alan: 27 articles (01/2016 - 01/2006)
6.	Stothard, J Russell: 25 articles (07/2015 - 08/2006)
7.	Dunne, David W: 24 articles (01/2016 - 01/2003)
8.	Vennervald, Birgitte J: 16 articles (01/2014 - 04/2003)
9.	Jones, Frances M: 15 articles (12/2015 - 04/2003)
10.	Webster, Joanne P: 15 articles (10/2015 - 08/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Schistosomiasis:

1.	Praziquantel (Biltricide)FDA Link 07/01/2010 - "The efficacy of oral praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis has been considered low by most public health institutions. " 01/01/2010 - "The advent of the safe, highly efficacious broad-spectrum antischistosomal drug praziquantel, in the mid-1970s, eventually resulted in a change of the global schistosomiasis control strategy from a multi-pronged transmission control approach to drug-based morbidity control. " 01/01/1998 - "These features explain how a very poor autonomous region such as Guangxi finally eradicated schistosomiasis, spending less than US$ 0.50 per protected citizen per year; it is remarkable that the disease and snails were initially found across a large area of complex environments and modern drugs such as praziquantel were not available for most of the 40-year period. " 03/01/2008 - "Praziquantel is still very effective for the treatment of schistosomiasis, but there are rising concerns on the potential risk of developing resistances because of the extensive use of this drug. " 10/05/2001 - "The current drug of choice against schistosomiasis is praziquantel (PZQ), which has minimal side effects and is potent against all schistosome species. "
2.	AntigensIBA 06/15/2006 - "Cure rates based on circulating anodic antigen levels were much lower than cure rates based on egg counts, with HIV-positive individuals experiencing significantly less clearance of schistosomiasis (cure rate, 31%) than HIV-negative individuals (cure rate, 52%), whereas the magnitude of decrease in circulating anodic antigen was also lower among HIV-positive individuals (P < .01). " 01/01/2012 - "Enhanced protective efficacy of a chimeric form of the schistosomiasis vaccine antigen Sm-TSP-2." 01/01/1992 - "Facilitated and improved by advances in molecular biology, techniques for the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis, including assays based on the detection of antigens circulating in the serum and/or excreted in the urine, have now reached the stage of multi-centre trials. " 10/01/2014 - "A single-antigen vaccine is likely to elicit less protection against schistosomiasis than a multi-antigen vaccine. " 12/01/2012 - "Partial protection against murine schistosomiasis may be achieved using subunit antigens and Th1 cytokine-inducing adjuvants. "
3.	artesunateIBA 01/01/2000 - "Artesunate is highly effective and safe for the prevention of schistosomiasis." 09/01/2010 - "We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of an artesunate-based combination drug in the treatment of schistosomiasis. " 07/01/2004 - "The wide-spread use of artesunate against schistosomiasis has to be considered carefully, however, if it is not to compromise the efficacy of the drug as an antimalarial, by increasing the risk of resistance developing in local Plasmodium." 06/01/2014 - "To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that one-day exposure to AQ inhibits the egg production of adult worm pairs at 1-10 μg/ml and induces specific morphological alterations in the worms at 5 and 10 μg/ml. The present findings have important implications for the evaluation of the therapeutic effects of both AQ monotherapy and combination therapy with artesunate on schistosomiasis in clinical field trials. " 08/01/1983 - "[Chemotherapeutic effect of artesunate in experimental schistosomiasis]."
4.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2009 - "Egg detection is the gold standard in diagnosing and controlling treatment in schistosomiasis, but sensitivity is poor in lightly infected individuals, whereas Schistosoma-specific antibodies are more sensitive. " 01/01/2010 - "It is recognized by different subclasses of antibodies in patients resistant and susceptible to reinfection and, based on the data from murine studies, shows protective potential against schistosomiasis. " 01/01/2015 - "Our study is the first regarding Tfh cells in chronic human schistosomiasis and the finding indicate that PD-1(high) CXCR5(+) CD4(+)Tfh cells might play an important role in the production of specific antibodies in schistosomiasis. " 06/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of schistosomiasis and to evaluate the accuracy of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and Western blot (WB) assays for the detection of anti-Schistosoma antibodies in 2 peripheral hospitals of the United Republic of Tanzania. " 05/01/1999 - "The presence of anti-Schistosoma antibodies in serum is of limited value for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in general, especially among individuals living in endemic areas; however, their quantification in the CSF has proved to be promising for diagnosis in the few studies conducted for this purpose. "
5.	VaccinesIBA 12/01/2003 - "Disagreements among researchers in the schistosome field as to whether or not a vaccine is needed have not helped convince funding agencies that schistosomiasis vaccines, rather than drugs, should be a priority. " 04/01/2013 - "Prospects for drug discovery and vaccines to be used in the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis, clinical trials, concerns about the resistance/decreased effectiveness of the treatment, and patent database will also be discussed. " 01/01/2013 - "This study offers a deeper understanding into the immunobiology of schistosomiasis in a natural host, which may aid in the future design of more effective vaccines. " 11/01/2008 - "mansoni genome was the most important achievement concerning genetic approaches to the study of this parasite and may improve the development of drugs, vaccines and diagnostics of schistosomiasis. " 02/01/2004 - "Several participants evoked the promising experimental results of candidate vaccines against schistosomiasis and noticed delay taken by clinical trials. "
6.	OxamniquineFDA Link 03/01/1979 - "[Efficacy of UK 4271 (oxamniquine, Pfizer) in Schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis in western Africa (parasitological and serological study of 252 children)]." 01/01/1981 - "[Efficacy of oxamniquine in Schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis in Madagascar in a hospital milieu]." 01/01/1989 - "This study is based of family heredograms, and takes into account the clinical form of schistosomiasis observed before treatment with oxamniquine. " 07/01/1976 - "A study of chromosomes of schistosomiasis patients under oxaminiquine (UK 4271) treatment." 03/01/1976 - "Preliminary laboratory trials with oxamniquine as a prophylactic agent in schistosomiasis."
7.	artemetherFDA Link 03/01/1982 - "[Studies on the efficacy of artemether in experimental schistosomiasis (author's transl)]." 08/01/2000 - "These results provide a basis for clinical trials in humans, for further assessment of the potential of artemether for schistosomiasis control." 03/01/2000 - "In this article, Xiao Shuhua, Mark Booth and Marcel Tanner review the results of laboratory tests and field trials of artemether against schistosomiasis in China." 01/01/2003 - "These findings enlarge the scope and potential of artemether and further contribute to discussions of its role as an additional tool for integrated schistosomiasis control." 05/01/2002 - "In conclusion, artemether-integrated with other control strategies-has considerable potential for reducing the current burden of schistosomiasis in different epidemiological settings."
8.	Immunoglobulin E (IgE)IBA 06/01/2015 - "Immune cells were cultured with schistosomes and the effect on CD23, an IgE receptor associated with resistance in schistosomiasis, was evaluated. " 12/01/2012 - "Progressive cross-reactivity in IgE responses: an explanation for the slow development of human immunity to schistosomiasis?" 04/01/2012 - "Family members in schistosomes induce an IgE response that has been connected with resistance to reinfection in schistosomiasis and is considered as a marker of protection. " 09/01/2011 - "We previously reported that increased levels of CD23(+) B cells correlate with resistance to schistosomiasis in hyperexposed populations and sought to define their potential function and relationship with IgE. " 09/01/2011 - "Resistance to schistosomiasis is associated with increased levels of serum parasite-specific IgE. "
9.	Interleukin-13IBA 01/01/2015 - "In conclusion, the functional IL13 polymorphism, rs1800925T, previously associated with risk of schistosomiasis, also contributes to risk of late-stage schistosomiasis caused by S. " 09/01/2014 - "In this review, we will summarize the contributions of IL-4/IL-13-responsive cellular populations in host resistance during acute schistosomiasis and their role in limiting tissue pathology. " 01/01/2012 - "IL-13 is the dominant pro-fibrotic cytokine in Schistosomiasis associated liver fibrogenesis. " 09/01/2011 - "Our results showed that during schistosomiasis, IL-13 expression and secretion increased with liver macrophages activated alternatively. " 09/01/2010 - "Our data indicate that experimental schistosomiasis causes PH and potentially relies on up-regulated IL-13 signaling."
10.	artemisinine (artemisinin)IBA 01/01/2012 - "The aim of the present work is to compare the efficacy of artemisinin-based therapies in the treatment and prophylaxis of human schistosomiasis. " 01/01/2014 - "Since the early 1980s, artemisinin and its derivatives have been found efficacious against Schistosoma spp., notably larval parasites, and artemisinin derivatives have played a critical role in the prevention and treatment of human schistosomiasis in China. " 01/01/2012 - "Systematic review and meta-analysis of artemisinin based therapies for the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis." 09/01/2010 - "Whether artemisinin-based combination therapy has a role in the treatment of schistosomiasis is unclear." 08/01/2006 - "Artemisinine derivatives are useful for schistosomiasis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 09/01/2000 - "An effort to eradicate schistosomiasis as a public health problem in these areas, by means of mass chemotherapy in regions of high prevalence and selective chemotherapy in others, provided good results initially but a lasting effect proved unattainable with chemotherapy alone. " 01/01/1991 - "The established McAb-IIID 10 involved Dot-ELISA was found of value in the assessment of effective chemotherapy and showed a high negative conversion rate of 97.9% in 48 cured schistosomiasis patients. " 07/01/2009 - "The novel assay appears to be sensitive for detection of schistosomal antigenemia and valuable to judge the efficacy of chemotherapy in murine schistosomiasis." 08/01/2012 - "The combination therapy (drug combined with cognitive behavioral therapy) is effective in advanced schistosomiasis patients with depression, and it also can reduce the amount of medication and the relapse." 01/01/1982 - ", properly maintained water supplies appear to be effective in maintaining transmission at a low level during the maintenance phase of a schistosomiasis control programme, after chemotherapy. "
2.	Splenectomy 12/01/2013 - "Splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization is effective in the treatment of advanced schistosomiasis with cavernous transformation of the portal vein." 01/01/2011 - "Severe hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: clinicopathologic study of 102 cases undergoing splenectomy." 09/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the phagocyte rate and the cellular viability of monocytes in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, who underwent splenectomy and spleen autoimplantation from 1991 to 2001. " 11/01/1999 - "Histological, ultrastructural, morphometric and immunohistochemical data obtained from the study of spleens removed by splenectomy from 34 patients with advanced hepatosplenic schistosomiasis revealed that the main alterations were congestive dilatation of the venous sinuses and diffuse thickening of the splenic cords. " 09/01/2015 - "LATE RESULTS OF ESOPHAGOGASTRIC DEVASCULARIZATION AND SPLENECTOMY ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH SCHISTOSOMIASIS."
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 04/18/1992 - "Improved semen quality after treatment for schistosomiasis." 03/01/1994 - "In schistosomiasis patients, two cytogenetic studies were carried out before and after treatment with PQ. " 08/01/1993 - "To study CHR as parameter for pattern of reaction after treatment, 120 school children with acute mansonian schistosomiasis were examined CHR was done before and one month after treatment. " 05/01/2015 - "Morbidity associated with schistosomiasis before and after treatment in young children in Rusinga Island, western Kenya." 07/11/2013 - "The antibody response against Sj GAPDH decreased at week 4 and disappeared between weeks 8-12 after effective chemical treatment of rabbits, and this response declined to negative levels in schistosomiasis patients one year after treatment. "
4.	Ligation 01/01/2003 - "The study involved 26 young males with schistosomiasis who were submitted to splenectomy, left gastric vein ligature, and auto-implantation of splenic tissue in the major omentum during childhood. " 11/01/2013 - "Splenectomy and ligature of the left gastric vein do not determine portal hemodynamic changes capable of breaking the functional hemodinamic balance that characterizes the hepatosplenic mansoni schistosomiasis." 11/01/2013 - "Angiografic and pressoric changes determined by splenectomy with left gastric vein ligature in mansoni schistosomiasis." 09/01/2004 - "Splenic artery ligation and distal splenorenal shunt in schistosomiasis." 04/01/2001 - "[Splenectomy plus left gastric vein ligature and devascularization of the great curvature of the stomach in the treatment of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. "
5.	Sclerotherapy 12/01/2005 - "Endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices due to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. " 08/01/2002 - "Endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices due to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. " 01/01/1996 - "Longterm outcome of endoscopic sclerotherapy of variceal bleeding: comparative study between schistosomiasis and others." 01/01/1992 - "[Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices in schistosomiasis patients]." 10/01/1989 - "Results of sclerotherapy in 100 patients comparison of the outcome between schistosomiasis and hepatitis B."