Saxitoxin

A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.

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Networked: 100 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 2 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Neilan, Brett A: 6 articles (12/2014 - 02/2004)
2.	Kellmann, Ralf: 4 articles (01/2009 - 08/2006)
3.	Anderson, Donald M: 3 articles (12/2014 - 01/2009)
4.	Pomati, Francesco: 3 articles (07/2008 - 02/2004)
5.	Johnson, Rudolph C: 2 articles (06/2015 - 01/2009)
6.	Murray, Shauna A: 2 articles (12/2014 - 08/2013)
7.	Brosnahan, Michael L: 2 articles (12/2014 - 01/2013)
8.	Kawatsu, Kentaro: 2 articles (11/2014 - 05/2012)
9.	Du Bois, J: 2 articles (06/2014 - 08/2007)
10.	Elliott, Christopher T: 2 articles (01/2013 - 05/2012)

Related Diseases

1.	Anoxia (Hypoxia) 02/01/1992 - "Reducing Na+ influx through voltage-gated Na+ channels during anoxia by applying Na+ channel blockers (TTX, saxitoxin) substantially improved recovery; TTX was protective even at concentrations that had little effect on the control compound action potential. " 01/01/1999 - "(2) Changes in saxitoxin binding density are related to alterations in the number of saxitoxin binding sites and not to binding affinity, since there was no major change in Kd values between the hypoxia and naive groups. " 01/28/1994 - "The effect of chronic in utero hypoxia on voltage-sensitive Na+ channels in newborn rat brain was investigated by means of ligand binding and autoradiography with [3H]saxitoxin (STX, Na+ channel ligand). " 01/01/1999 - "(1) Na+ channel messenger RNA and saxitoxin binding density decreased after prolonged hypoxia in adult brain homogenates; this is in sharp contrast to the changes observed in fetal brains, which tended to increase Na+ channel messenger RNA and protein after hypoxia. " 01/01/1999 - "In the present work, we used northern blots, slot blots, saxitoxin binding and autoradiography to ask whether: (i) prolonged hypoxia alters Na+ channel messenger RNA and protein levels in the brain; (ii) there is a difference between the adult and prenatal brains regarding Na+ channel expression with hypoxic exposure; and (iii) regional differences in Na+ channel expression occur in hypoxia-exposed brains. "
2.	Neuroblastoma 09/01/1996 - "In spiking studies on shellfish extracts, the neuroblastoma assay showed a good response to added saxitoxin. " 09/01/2004 - "Three in vitro methods, the RIDASCREEN Saxitoxin kit, MIST Alert, and a 5 h neuroblastoma assay, were evaluated in parallel with the MBA using 106 twice-frozen, acidified extracts from California-grown mussel and oyster tissues. " 01/01/1978 - "Thus, saxitoxin binds specifically to the action potential Na+ ionophore in neuroblastoma cells. " 01/01/1978 - "Saxitoxin inhibits the action potential Na+ ionophore of electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells with a KI of 3.7 nM. Binding experiments detect a single class of saturable binding sites with KD = 3.9 nM and a binding capacity of 156 fmol/mg of cell protein (78 sites per micrometer2 of cell surface). " 01/01/1978 - "Binding to saxitoxin to electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells."
3.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) 05/01/1997 - "The results of this study indicate that saxitoxin analogues may cause severe hypertension. "
4.	Shellfish Poisoning 12/15/2015 - "Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a serious human illness caused by the ingestion of seafood contaminated with saxitoxin and its derivatives (STXs). " 07/01/2015 - "Saxitoxin (STX), a member of the family of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, poses toxicological and ecotoxicological risks. " 01/01/2015 - "Saxitoxin (STX) and some selected paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) analogues in mussel samples were identified and quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). " 01/01/2015 - "Saxitoxin (STX) is a neurotoxin produced by dinoflagellates in diverse species, such as Alexandrium spp., and it causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans after the ingestion of contaminated shellfish. " 12/15/2014 - "Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium produce the neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX), responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and accumulates in marine invertebrates. "
5.	Poisoning 10/01/2006 - "Saxitoxin puffer fish poisoning in the United States, with the first report of Pyrodinium bahamense as the putative toxin source." 05/17/2002 - "As of May 15, 2002, a total of 13 presumptive cases of saxitoxin poisoning were reported in Florida residents who ate pufferfish caught in waters near Titusville, Florida. " 09/01/1980 - "Poisonings by saxitoxin-containing shellfish occur regularly in shore areas. " 04/01/2013 - "Bioaccumulation by filter-feeding bivalves and fish and subsequent transfer through the food web results in the potentially fatal human illnesses, paralytic shellfish poisoning and saxitoxin pufferfish poisoning. " 09/01/1969 - "Mechanism of saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin poisoning."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Sodium Channels (Sodium Channel)
2.	Tetrodotoxin (Tetradotoxin)
3.	Neurotoxins
4.	neosaxitoxin
5.	Sodium
6.	Veratridine
7.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)
8.	Alkaloids
9.	decarbamylsaxitoxin
10.	gonyautoxins