Rhabdomyosarcoma

A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)

Also Known As:

Networked: 2727 relevant articles (107 outcomes, 348 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Sarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma)
3.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis)
4.	Neuroblastoma
5.	Ewing's Sarcoma (Sarcoma, Ewing)

Experts

1.	Houghton, Peter J: 28 articles (09/2015 - 04/2002)
2.	Hawkins, Douglas S: 20 articles (07/2015 - 09/2002)
3.	Kolb, E Anders: 17 articles (07/2015 - 09/2007)
4.	Anderson, James R: 17 articles (11/2014 - 06/2002)
5.	Smith, Malcolm A: 16 articles (07/2015 - 06/2008)
6.	Gorlick, Richard: 16 articles (07/2015 - 02/2002)
7.	Oberlin, Odile: 16 articles (07/2014 - 03/2003)
8.	Keir, Stephen T: 14 articles (01/2014 - 11/2005)
9.	Ferrari, Andrea: 14 articles (03/2011 - 06/2002)
10.	Maris, John M: 13 articles (07/2015 - 06/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Rhabdomyosarcoma:

1.	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2008 - "Revisiting the role of doxorubicin in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma: an up-front window study in newly diagnosed children with high-risk metastatic disease." 01/01/2014 - "Rhabdomyosarcoma CSC showed higher invasive ability and a reduced cytotoxicity to doxorubicin in comparison to native cells, through a mechanism unrelated to the classical multidrug resistance process. " 01/01/2012 - "The role of doxorubicin in treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has been controversial for 30 years. " 01/01/2012 - "Role of Doxorubicin in rhabdomyosarcoma: is the answer knowable?" 11/01/2004 - "Taken together, these data highlight the therapeutic anticancer potential of statins and their additivity and mutual sensitization, in combination with doxorubicin in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells."
2.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 09/15/2004 - "This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of dose intensification of cyclophosphamide in previously untreated patients ages < 21 years with intermediate-risk rhabdomyosarcoma. " 03/01/2000 - "He had been treated with cyclophosphamide (CPM) for a period of 27 months for retroperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosed at the age of 10. " 03/01/1970 - "Response of a transplantable rhabdomyosarcoma to cyclophosphamide therapy with special reference to differences in male and female mice." 09/15/2004 - "Cyclophosphamide dose intensification during induction therapy for intermediate-risk pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma is feasible but does not improve outcome: a report from the soft tissue sarcoma committee of the children's oncology group." 03/01/1995 - "Adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) involving transfer of tumor-sensitized T lymphocytes in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY)-injection results in the eradication of the C57BL/6J (B6) rhabdomyosarcoma, 76-9 and is associated with the accumulation of a large number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). "
3.	DesminIBA 06/01/2000 - "Desmin detection in FNAB samples of rhabdomyosarcoma: an immunocytochemical study." 04/01/1998 - "Subsequent immunohistochemical studies revealed diffuse bone marrow involvement by rhabdomyosarcoma, demonstrated by positivity for desmin and muscle-specific actin. " 06/01/2013 - "Coexpression of desmin and nuclear myoD1 was only detected in rhabdomyosarcoma. " 10/01/2011 - "Of 38 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, 36 showed cytoplasmic p63 staining; 24 of these showed highlighting of cross-striations superior to that of desmin. " 03/01/2005 - "All rhabdomyosarcomas, both alveolar and embryonal, demonstrated uniform desmin, CD56, and cytoplasmic WT1 immunostaining. "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/2004 - "These antibodies have also permitted us to identify the differentiation degree of malignant cells in tumours such as rhabdomyosarcoma. " 01/01/1998 - "We have developed an assay for the modulation of anti-AChR antibodies using a rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line expressing AChR on the cell surface. " 01/01/1998 - "Rhabdomyosarcoma monolayers were inoculated with enterovirus 71 (EV 71) at 73 degrees C, sampled at intervals during the replicative cycle, and examined in thin sections by electron microscopy, using routine and immunoelectronmicroscopy with polyclonal antibodies against EV 71. " 07/01/1997 - "Moreover, FasL expressing myoblasts were remarkably potent; indeed well characterized cytotoxic antibodies to Fas were only 20% as efficient at killing rhabdomyosarcoma cells as FasL expressing myoblasts. " 12/02/1992 - "Antibodies generated against the whole membrane preparation isolated from rhabdomyosarcoma RA-2 cells were shown by immunoblotting and immunoaffinity chromatography to recognize 58-kDa polypeptide, p58. "
5.	Vincristine (Oncovin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2008 - "We report the first case of vincristine-induced eccrine squamous syringometaplasia in a 12-year-old patient undergoing treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma." 04/01/2003 - "Taking into consideration the proven safety of G207 in humans, we suggest that G207 alone and in combination with vincristine should be additionally evaluated as a potential agent against human rhabdomyosarcoma." 04/01/2003 - "Potent oncolytic activity of multimutated herpes simplex virus G207 in combination with vincristine against human rhabdomyosarcoma." 10/01/2001 - "We have established preclinical models for the development of drug resistance to vincristine (a major drug used in the treatment of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma) using cell lines. " 07/01/1987 - "Vincristine (VCR) is an effective agent in the treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. "
6.	IfosfamideFDA LinkGeneric 03/15/1993 - "Twenty-two children and adolescents (median age, 9 years) with newly diagnosed unresectable rhabdomyosarcoma (Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group III [n = 15] or IV [n = 7]) received two courses of ifosfamide at a dose of 1.6 g/m2 intravenously for 5 days over a 6-week period. " 03/15/1993 - "A phase II trial of ifosfamide in previously untreated children and adolescents with unresectable rhabdomyosarcoma." 03/15/1993 - "Ifosfamide appears to have significant clinical activity in untreated patients with unresectable rhabdomyosarcomas. " 03/15/1993 - "Based on a preclinical rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft model that accurately predicted the activity of new agents, the safety and efficacy of ifosfamide was evaluated as part of a Phase II clinical trial in previously untreated children with unresectable rhabdomyosarcoma. " 07/01/1996 - "We report on two children with rhabdomyosarcoma who received ifosfamide as part of their chemotherapy schedule. "
7.	irinotecan (Camptosar)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2007 - "This phase II study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of irinotecan administered intravenously once every 3 weeks in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma. " 02/01/2013 - "Irinotecan is highly active against rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), yet its tolerability and efficacy in combination with radiation is unknown. " 02/01/2007 - "A total of 35 patients younger than age 20 years, with refractory or relapsed rhabdomyosarcoma for which standard treatments have failed, received irinotecan at 600 mg/m2 administered as a 60-minute infusion every 3 weeks. " 02/01/2002 - "Irinotecan appears to have promising single-agent activity, particularly against rhabdomyosarcoma. " 06/15/1993 - "Rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts derived from untreated patients were highly responsive to CPT-11, which caused complete regression in 5 of 6 lines even at 20 or 10 mg/kg/dose. "
8.	Cisplatin (Platino)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1989 - "Rapid remission of a large pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma with radiation and a novel schedule of simultaneous high-dose cisplatin." 03/01/1989 - "Very high dose cis-platinum (450 mg/sq m) in an infant with rhabdomyosarcoma." 05/15/1995 - "30 fractions of 2 Gy were given in 6 or 3 weeks preceded or followed by (time interval between cisplatin and radiotherapy: 3 days) a single IP dose of 5 mg/kg cisplatin in the rhabdomyosarcoma R1H of the rat. " 09/15/1993 - "Three patients underwent surgery followed by cisplatin-based chemotherapy (two are still alive and one died of an associated rhabdomyosarcoma). " 05/15/1995 - "Combined modality treatment of the rhabdomyosarcoma R1H of the rat: tumor and normal tissue response after cisplatin and conventional or accelerated irradiation treatment."
9.	AnthracyclinesIBA 01/01/2009 - "For Wilms' tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma/undifferentiated sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma only 1 RCT was available and therefore, no definitive conclusions can be made about the antitumour efficacy of treatment with or without anthracyclines in these tumours. " 01/01/2014 - "For Wilms' tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, hepatoblastoma and AML only one RCT was available for each type and, therefore, no definitive conclusions can be made about the antitumour efficacy of treatment with or without anthracyclines in these tumours. " 01/01/2011 - "For Wilms' tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma/undifferentiated sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and hepatoblastoma only one RCT was available and, therefore, no definitive conclusions can be made about the antitumour efficacy of treatment with or without anthracyclines in these tumours. "
10.	Dactinomycin (Ac-De)FDA LinkGeneric 01/30/1998 - "Therapeutic differentiation in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line selected for resistance to actinomycin D." 07/01/1997 - "Because actinomycin D is a drug of choice in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcomas, and because it has been used to induce differentiation as an alternative therapy for myeloproliferative syndromes, we treated RD cells with different concentrations of actinomycin D and evaluated the effects on growth and differentiation. " 07/01/1997 - "Actinomycin D treatment leads to differentiation and inhibits proliferation in rhabdomyosarcoma cells." 09/01/1996 - "Both events were recently shown to occur in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD-DAC) resistant to actinomycin D, a drug of choice in the treatment of these tumours. " 09/01/1996 - "Inverse expression of mdr 1 and c-myc genes in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line resistant to actinomycin d."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 07/01/1997 - "Recent refinements in multidisciplinary therapeutic regimens combining chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery have dramatically improved outcome for children with genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. " 04/01/1982 - "Early diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma is important because the disease, once inevitably fatal, can now be controlled and apparently cured in most cases by a combination of surgery, radiation, and multidrug chemotherapy. " 12/01/2004 - "Final results are presented from two consecutive European studies for patients with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) to identify prognostic variables and determine the value of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) in complete remission. " 04/01/2003 - "Possible benefits of high-dose chemotherapy as intensive consolidation in patients with high-risk rhabdomyosarcoma who achieve complete remission with conventional chemotherapy." 08/01/1996 - "Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical intervention have markedly improved the survival of patients treated for rhabdomyosarcoma. "
2.	Radiotherapy 12/01/2005 - "The patient was treated according to Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study IV protocol (chemo- and radiotherapy), and he experienced a complete remission. " 01/01/1989 - "In patients with primary stage III rhabdomyosarcoma, local tumour control by surgery or radiotherapy should be undertaken earlier than week 16, if complete remission has not been achieved by 7-9 weeks. " 01/01/2014 - "Clinical factors including age, histology, size, invasiveness, nodal involvement, Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) clinical group, site, risk factors for meningeal involvement (MI), study group, and application of radiotherapy (RT) were studied for their impact on event-free and overall survival (EFS and OS). " 06/01/2012 - "To analyze the effect of reduced-dose radiotherapy on local control in children with low-risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) treated in the Children's Oncology Group D9602 study. " 06/01/2012 - "Local control with reduced-dose radiotherapy for low-risk rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group D9602 study."
3.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation) 01/15/1990 - "The results of the studies indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between the efficacy of (+)-(R)-IFF, (-)-(S)-IFF, and rac-IFF against childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (HxRh28) maintained in vivo as a xenograft in immune-deprived female CBA/CaJ mice. " 06/01/2012 - "We assessed the efficacy of ATRA on rhabdomyosarcoma, in vitro and in vivo, using cell lines and xenografts. " 02/01/1982 - "Xenografts derived from the neoplastic tissues of children with rhabdomyosarcoma have been used in immune-deprived mice to examine the efficacy of agents known to be active against this disease, and in others that received either limited or no clinical evaluation. " 05/01/2007 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of FDG small animal PET for the early detection of malignant masses in a xenograft murine model of human rhabdomyosarcoma. " 02/01/2006 - "Treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts showed greater than 70% reduction in growth when compared with control injected tumours at study completion (average tumour sizes: 1683 v 304 mm3, p<0.05). "
4.	Brachytherapy 12/01/2003 - "Long-term remission after non-radical surgery combined with brachytherapy in an infant with a chemo-resistant rhabdomyosarcoma of the tongue." 03/01/2015 - "High-dose-rate brachytherapy for vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma using a personalized mold in a 20-month old patient." 01/01/2015 - "To report the technical aspects of customized high-dose-rate brachytherapy for vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma using MRI- and CT-based planning in a 20-month-old girl. " 01/01/2015 - "Customized high-dose-rate brachytherapy using MRI planning for vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma." 01/01/2015 - "Erratum to: Clinical research on the treatment effects of radioactive (125)I seeds interstitial brachytherapy on children with primary orbital rhabdomyosarcoma."
5.	Combined Modality Therapy 09/01/1994 - "There were 14 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma; 3 were cured with modern combined-modality therapy. " 12/01/2010 - "Sexual function in teenagers after multimodal treatment of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: A preliminary report." 11/01/1987 - "Forty-two cases of rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate including our case were collected from the Japanese literature and reviewed with respect to the multimodal treatment and prognosis." 07/01/1981 - "Combined modality therapy with conservation of organ function in childhood genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma." 03/01/1980 - "These results illustrate limitations in current combined modality therapy of retroperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma and the necessity for future treatment modifications to both reduce morbidity and to improve survival."