Rh Isoimmunization

The process by which fetal Rh+ erythrocytes enter the circulation of an Rh- mother, causing her to produce IMMUNOGLOBULIN G antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of Rh+ fetuses. Rh isoimmunization can also be caused by BLOOD TRANSFUSION with mismatched blood.

Also Known As:

Networked: 222 relevant articles (8 outcomes, 13 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Autoimmune)
2.	Anemia
3.	Hemorrhage
4.	Hydrops Fetalis (Fetal Edema)
5.	Fetal Erythroblastosis (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)

Experts

1.	Louis, Deepak: 2 articles (06/2015 - 08/2010)
2.	Kumar, Praveen: 1 article (06/2015)
3.	Saini, Shiv Sajan: 1 article (06/2015)
4.	Patil, Sandeep: 1 article (06/2015)
5.	Vakrilova, L: 1 article (01/2015)
6.	Slancheva, B: 1 article (01/2015)
7.	Atanassova, D: 1 article (01/2015)
8.	Diavolov, V: 1 article (01/2015)
9.	Ivanov, St: 1 article (01/2015)
10.	Markov, D: 1 article (01/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Rh Isoimmunization:

1.	RHO(D) antibody (anti-D)IBA 02/01/1989 - "Routine administration of a small dose (100 micrograms) of anti-D is effective in preventing Rh sensitization after midtrimester amniocentesis." 03/15/1971 - "[Prophylactic efficacy of maternal-fetal RH isoimmunization with a single dose of 200 ug anti-D Ig G]." 04/13/1974 - "Controlled trial of various anti-D dosages in suppression of Rh sensitization following pregnancy. " 11/23/1968 - "A study of the incidence of Rh-sensitization showed a 6.5% incidence of anti-D appearing for the first time during the last trimester of pregnancy. " 10/01/2007 - "The initial range of anti-D immune globulin levels was 24-244 international units, and all women had severe Rh isoimmunization complicating previous pregnancies. "
2.	Rho(D) Immune Globulin (RhoGAM)IBA 11/01/1995 - "The use of anti-D immunoglobulin has dramatically reduced the incidence of rhesus isoimmunization arising from pregnancy. " 10/15/1977 - "A double-blind study of women after first-trimester abortion supports the efficacy of low-dose Rho(D) immune globulin (human) in the prevention of Rh sensitization. " 02/01/1984 - "The test described is sufficiently sensitive to be used for the study of primary Rh isoimmunization and could be clinically applicable for antepartum screening to determine which patients require Rh immune globulin treatment before delivery." 04/01/2006 - "Rhesus isoimmunization remains an important health issue despite the recommendation for anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis and injection after sensitizing events. " 11/01/2005 - "Pregnancies complicated by Rh isoimmunization have decreased significantly since the widespread use of Rh immune globulin. "
3.	AntigensIBA 03/26/1953 - "[Heterospecific antigens as a cause for a severe incident in Rh sensitization]." 12/01/1949 - "[Features of hemolytic disease in a newborn from rare Rh isoimmunization to E antigen (Rh) in a mother possessing the genes CDe (Rh1)]." 12/01/2004 - "An Rh-negative woman is at risk for developing Rh isoimmunization upon exposure to RhD antigens from her Rh-positive baby through fetal-maternal hemorrhage. " 01/01/1999 - "This study aims at observing and comparing the antigen expression of some fetal T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations in Rh-isoimmunization, which determines anemic hypoxia in the fetus, and nonimmune fetal hydrops (NIFH) which, even if there are some etiological factors involved, causes hipoxic hypoxia in the fetus. " 06/01/1989 - "Although the widespread use of anti-D immune globulin has dramatically reduced the incidence of Rh isoimmunization, an occasional pregnant patient becomes a candidate for intrauterine transfusion because of sensitization to Rh antigens or irregular red blood cell antigens. "
4.	Inosine Triphosphate (ITP)IBA 01/01/1998 - "WinRho anti-D has been shown in both clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance to be safe and effective in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and in the prevention of Rh isoimmunization."
5.	HormonesIBA 01/01/1957 - "[Preventive therapy of anti-Rh-isoimmunization accidents by adrenal hormone therapy]." 07/15/1972 - " The simultaneous utilization of these 2 hormone ratios is necessary for predicting fetal well-being in patients with Rh-isoimmunization disease and may be helpful in the follow-up of patients who undergo intrauterine fetal transfusion." 01/01/1971 - "[Metabolism of red blood cells and estrogen hormones in the course of gestation complicated by Rh isoimmunization]."
6.	BilirubinIBA 11/01/1976 - "The quantitation of bilirubin in amniotic fluid is of paramount importance in prognosticating the severity of Rh isoimmunization. " 01/01/1976 - "Amniotic fluid bilirubin as a prognostic indicator in rhesus isoimmunization." 10/12/1974 - "The liquor amnii bilirubin-protein ratio in the management of Rhesus isoimmunization." 01/01/1973 - "[Quantitative bilirubin indices of the amniotic fluid in rhesus-isoimmunization at the end of pregnancy and during labor]." 04/01/1969 - "[Importance of spectrophotometric determination of amniotic bilirubin during rhesus isoimmunization]."
7.	Hemoglobins (Hemoglobin)IBA 06/01/2000 - "[Hemoglobin level analysis in the pregnancy complicated by rhesus isoimmunization]." 10/01/2003 - "To study the correlation of peak systolic velocity in the middle cerebral artery with hemoglobin concentration in fetuses at risk of anemia due to Rhesus isoimmunization. " 06/01/1985 - "The relationship of fetal plasma protein concentration and hemoglobin level to the development of hydrops in rhesus isoimmunization." 05/01/1984 - "The last individual UVBF value before delivery had in Rh-isoimmunization a significant negative correlation with the cord hemoglobin level of the newborn infant (p less than 0.01), thus reflecting the severity of fetal hemolytic anemia. " 09/01/1993 - "Fetuses with Rh isoimmunization had lower hemoglobin and higher plasma erythropoietin measurements than mid-gestation controls (6.1 +/- 3.9 versus 10.7 +/- 1.5 g/dL and 105.5 +/- 168.1 versus 12.5 +/- 3.1 mU/mL, P < .05, respectively). "
8.	ErythropoietinFDA Link 07/01/2012 - "Comparison between two treatment protocols with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) in the treatment of late anemia in neonates with Rh-isoimmunization." 11/01/2011 - "The effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) treatment in a neonate with hyporegenerative anemia following Rh isoimmunization in spite of normal serum Epo level." 04/01/2010 - "Recombinant human erythropoietin in the prevention of late anemia in intrauterine transfused neonates with Rh-isoimmunization." 09/01/1993 - "To determine whether plasma erythropoietin is increased in fetuses with anemia due to Rh isoimmunization. " 05/01/1996 - "This study demonstrates that recombinant human erythropoietin treatment decreases the need for erythrocyte transfusions in the late anemia of infants with Rh isoimmunization. "
9.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 02/01/1993 - "In this study, amniotic fluid was obtained from 86 women with pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes (42), twin gestation (22), Rh sensitization (13) and known fetal anomalies (9). " 06/01/1978 - "Amniotic fluid insulin and glucagon in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by rhesus isoimmunization." 11/01/1977 - "Amniotic fluid insulin and glucagon in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by rhesus isoimmunization."
10.	tranilast (N 5')IBA 05/01/1997 - "Because control infants (n = 13) and infants with ABO hemolytic disease (n = 5) did not differ from one another in any of the study parameters, these two groups were combined and compared with infants with the Rh isoimmunization. " 07/15/1983 - "The mean amniotic fluid beta-EP and beta-LPH levels found in the limited number of patients with Rh-isoimmunization (N = 9), premature labor (n = 8), and intrauterine growth retardation (n = 5) with pregnancies of 24 to 36, 24 to 36, and 34 to 38 weeks' gestation, respectively, were not significantly different from the mean amniotic fluid beta-EP and beta-LPH concentrations of uncomplicated term pregnancies. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intrauterine Blood Transfusion 11/01/2012 - "The text words and MeSH included Rhesus alloimmunization, Rhesus isoimmunization, Rhesus prophylaxis, Rhesus disease, red cell alloimmunization, red cell isoimmunization, and intrauterine transfusion. " 11/01/2011 - "Intrauterine transfusion is the standard of care in the management of severe Rh isoimmunization. " 11/01/1993 - "Forty-seven fetuses treated with intravenous intrauterine transfusion for rhesus isoimmunization were studied. " 06/01/1989 - "Intrauterine transfusion via umbilical vein in severe Rh isoimmunization." 05/01/1989 - "[Intrauterine intravascular fetal transfusion under ultrasonic guide in Rh isoimmunization: a case report]."
2.	Plasma Exchange 06/01/1983 - "[Intensive plasma exchange in severe rhesus isoimmunization with selectively D antibody--eliminated autologous plasma]." 11/29/1980 - "[Severe Rh-isoimmunization and intensive plasma exchange during pregnancy]."
3.	Erythrocyte Transfusion 05/01/1996 - "This study demonstrates that recombinant human erythropoietin treatment decreases the need for erythrocyte transfusions in the late anemia of infants with Rh isoimmunization. "
4.	Plasmapheresis 12/01/1989 - "[Evaluation of the blood cell system in pregnant women with Rh isoimmunization treated by plasmapheresis]." 11/01/1989 - "Fifty pregnant multiparas with Rhesus isoimmunization were treated by small volume plasmapheresis initiated at the end of their first trimester. " 03/01/1986 - "[Plasmapheresis in Rh isoimmunization. " 04/01/1981 - "[Plasmapheresis in the treatment of Rh isoimmunizations during gravidity (author's transl)]." 01/01/1981 - "Plasmapheresis as therapy for Rh isoimmunization has gained recent attention in Great Britain; however, this technique has not been widely accepted in the United States. "
5.	Blood Transfusion (Blood Transfusions) 02/01/2001 - "In rhesus isoimmunization, fetal venous flow assessment gives useful information on the fetal haematologic condition and on the impact of blood transfusion. " 10/01/1971 - "[Partial replacement of blood transfusions as a method of reducing RH-sensitization in obstetrical practice]." 09/30/1952 - "[Rh isoimmunization in primapara due to prior blood transfusions, with neonatal erythroblastosis]." 02/01/1947 - "The prevention of Rh isoimmunization due to blood transfusion." 03/01/1992 - "Most of the babies (80.3%) requiring exchange blood transfusion belonged to Group III. The most common cause of hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia needing exchange blood transfusion was Rh isoimmunization followed by G-6-PD deficiency and ABO isoimmunization. "