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Retrograde Degeneration

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Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.

Also Known As:

Axonal Reaction; Trans-Synaptic Degeneration; Axon Reactions; Axonal Reactions; Degeneration, Nissl; Degeneration, Retrograde; Degeneration, Trans-Synaptic; Degeneration, Transneuronal Retrograde; Degenerations, Retrograde; Degenerations, Trans-Synaptic; Degenerations, Transneuronal Retrograde; Reaction, Axon; Reaction, Axonal; Reactions, Axon; Reactions, Axonal; Retrograde Degenerations; Retrograde Degenerations, Transneuronal; Trans Synaptic Degeneration; Trans-Synaptic Degenerations; Transneuronal Retrograde Degeneration; Transneuronal Retrograde Degenerations; Axon Reaction; Nissl Degeneration; Retrograde Degeneration, Transneuronal

Networked: 209 relevant articles (4 outcomes, 19 trials/studies)

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Disease Context: Research Results

Signs and Symptoms Pathological Conditions
- Pathologic Processes: 4357
  - Nerve Degeneration: 409
    - Retrograde Degeneration: 209

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Multiple Sclerosis
3.	Viral Encephalitis
4.	Ganglion Cysts (Ganglion)
5.	Atrophy

Experts

1.	Oakley, Jonathan D: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
2.	Saidha, Shiv: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
3.	Calabresi, Peter A: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
4.	Frohman, Elliot M: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
5.	Syc, Stephanie B: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
6.	Newsome, Scott D: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
7.	Ratchford, John N: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
8.	Durbin, Mary K: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
9.	Meyer, Scott A: 2 articles (02/2012 - 02/2011)
10.	Raisman-Vozari, Rita: 2 articles (07/2007 - 12/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Retrograde Degeneration:

1.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/06/2001 - "Mechanical transection of the nigrostriatal pathway at the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) results in the delayed retrograde degeneration of the dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and induces protracted expression and phosphorylation of c-Jun. " 05/01/1995 - "This lesion model, the induction of a partial dopamine denervation of the striatum (74% depletion of dopamine striatal tissue content) with a retrograde degeneration of dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra, sparing the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, closely approximates the neuronal degeneration observed in human idiopathic Parkinson's disease. " 08/01/1985 - "The effects of a partial hemitransection at the meso-diencephalic level, with or without chronic ganglioside GMI treatment, have been evaluated on striatal polyamine levels, 7, 14 and 21 days after lesion, as well as on the ability of the polyamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine (alpha-DFMO) to modulate the protective effects of chronic ganglioside GMI treatment against retrograde degeneration of the nigral dopamine (DA) nerve cell bodies (14 day time interval). " 02/01/2004 - "These results suggest that the retrograde degeneration of the mesostriatal dopamine pathways, induced by a striatal injection of 6-OHDA, leads to astroglial and microglial reactions in the VTA. " 07/01/2001 - "These results suggest that the retrograde degeneration induced by a intrastriatal injection of a small dose of the 6-OHDA leads to an astroglial and microglial reaction in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. "
2.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 09/06/1999 - "D2 mRNA was eliminated after bulbectomy, a manipulation known to cause retrograde degeneration of the mature ORNs. " 10/01/1998 - "To test the possible involvement of platelet-derived growth factor B-chain (PDGF-B) in anterograde and retrograde degenerations of the CNS neurons, we studied the changes of PDGF-B localization and its mRNA expression in the rat retina and optic nerve (ON) after unilateral ON transection, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. "
3.	Colchicine FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1997 - "Simultaneous injection of colchicine with the immunotoxin resulted in a significant reduction of retrograde degeneration of cholinergic neurons and relative preservation of hippocampal cholinergic axons. " 05/01/1997 - "Retrograde degeneration and colchicine protection of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons following hippocampal injections of an immunotoxin against the P75 nerve growth factor receptor."
4.	Immunotoxins (Immunotoxin)IBA 05/01/1997 - "Simultaneous injection of colchicine with the immunotoxin resulted in a significant reduction of retrograde degeneration of cholinergic neurons and relative preservation of hippocampal cholinergic axons. " 05/01/1997 - "Retrograde degeneration and colchicine protection of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons following hippocampal injections of an immunotoxin against the P75 nerve growth factor receptor."
5.	Eflornithine (Ornidyl)FDA Link 08/01/1985 - "The effects of a partial hemitransection at the meso-diencephalic level, with or without chronic ganglioside GMI treatment, have been evaluated on striatal polyamine levels, 7, 14 and 21 days after lesion, as well as on the ability of the polyamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine (alpha-DFMO) to modulate the protective effects of chronic ganglioside GMI treatment against retrograde degeneration of the nigral dopamine (DA) nerve cell bodies (14 day time interval). "
6.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 10/01/2005 - "To report abnormalities of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with trans-synaptic degeneration. " 11/01/1998 - "The results obtained using the three different experimental approaches are consistent and suggest that retrograde degeneration of thalamic and retinal chromatic processing mechanisms caused by damage to the primary visual cortex in man does not abolish completely the ability to process chromatic signals particularly when large, long-wavelength stimuli are employed." 11/01/1998 - "The results obtained using the three different experimental approaches are consistent and suggest that retrograde degeneration of thalamic and retinal chromatic processing mechanisms caused by damage to the primary visual cortex in man does not abolish completely the ability to process chromatic signals particularly when large, long-wavelength stimuli are employed." 03/01/1995 - "Subsequent to the laminar cell death, the retinal cells in the repo visual system also degenerated, indicating that the retinal cell death was due to retrograde degeneration." 04/01/1992 - "The results imply that despite the effects of retrograde degeneration on thalamic and retinal colour-processing channels, neurons which process wavelength information are still functional, although the information they transmit is not consciously perceived."
7.	Horseradish PeroxidaseIBA 01/01/1988 - "The extent of the retrograde degeneration of corticospinal axons following transection of the spinal cord was studied in rats by labeling corticospinal axons with anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase injected in the sensorimotor cortex. " 10/01/1984 - "Localization of the neurons of origin of efferent fibers in the glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves in the rat by means of retrograde degeneration and horseradish peroxidase methods." 06/15/1979 - "Autoradiographic methods have been used to demonstrate the retino-geniculate pathways, and retrograde degeneration or the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase has been used for the geniculo-cortical pathways. " 01/01/1977 - "Investigations of retrograde transport following intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase have confirmed the results of retrograde degeneration studies by demonstrating cortically projecting cells in VA, LP, LD, and Pul. " 03/01/1989 - "The axonal interactions between the host spinal cord and the graft as well as the posttraumatic retrograde degeneration of corticospinal axons were investigated using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. "
8.	SilverIBA 08/15/1980 - "Three methods (axonal degeneration, retrograde labelling with HRP and Golgi's silver impregnation) were used in the identification of a group of cells located in the ventrolateral part of the reticular formation of the pons, which are postulated to form the lacrimo-muconasal nucleus of the rat." 05/01/1966 - "1. Degeneration that can be shown by the Nauta-Gygax technique in the orbital part of the cat's optic nerve does not begin until 10 days after intracranial transection of the nerve, though after enucleation of the eye it is conspicuous in 4 days.2. We were not able to tell, by any silver-staining technique applied to an optic nerve at any interval after an operation, whether at that operation the nerve had been cut peripherally only or both peripherally and centrally.3. From these and subsidiary observations we conclude that either the cat's optic nerve contains no centrifugal fibres detectable by silver staining and light microscopy, or, if there are such fibres, they are much less susceptible to prograde (Wallerian) degeneration and much more susceptible to retrograde degeneration than most of the centripetal fibres. " 01/01/1980 - "Comparing the results to those of classical studies with silver-impregnation method, following conclusions were obtained: 1. Full-blown macrophages, "amoeboid microglia", "rod cells" in acute viral encephalitis and "true" inflammatory cells in retrograde degeneration are derived from circulating mononuclear leukocytes which enter into brain parenchyma after the injuries. " 07/01/1997 - "The presence of HIV-1 DNA was investigated by nested polymerase chain reaction; axonal abnormalities were detected by beta-amyloid precursor protein, ubiquitin immunohistochemistry, and silver staining. "
9.	1- Methyl- 4- phenyl- 1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)IBA 08/18/1997 - "Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of rhesus macaques at various time points following unilateral MPTP administration demonstrated a different time course of degeneration in the dopaminergic terminals in the putamen and in the cell bodies in the substantia nigra, consistent with other evidence of retrograde degeneration. " 02/01/1984 - "MPTP or its metabolite enters nerve cells at the level of their terminals in the caudate nucleus and putamen leading to a disturbance in axoplasmic flow and retrograde degeneration. " 01/01/2000 - "MPP(+), the toxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), increases the nigral uptake of iron complexes and dopamine overflow leading to the generation of (.-)OH, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and associated retrograde degeneration. "
10.	OxygenIBA 03/15/1997 - "If the oxygen radical increase is sufficiently severe, lipid peroxidative injury to the striatal NS terminals is followed by retrograde degeneration of the NS cell bodies. " 10/01/1996 - "Recent reports suggest that oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidation plays a role in the retrograde degeneration of motor neurons following facial nerve axotomy in the neonatal rat. " 05/01/1996 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidative mechanisms in trophic deprivation-induced apoptotic motor neuronal degeneration by testing the ability of the 21-aminosteroid lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad mesylate (U-74006F) to attenuate the retrograde degeneration of facial motor neurons following axotomy in 14-day-old rat pups. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Ganglionectomy 04/10/1989 - "Unilateral nodose ganglionectomy, which disrupts completely the vagal afferent input to the NTS and produces retrograde degeneration of the vagal efferent neurons in the DMV, resulted in a marked decrease in [125I]SI-AII binding at all levels of the ipsilateral NTS and 56% decrease within the ipsilateral DMV. "
2.	Axotomy 04/01/1995 - "The present study suggests that slower-conducting ON fibers, that is, smaller-diameter ON fibers are initially and remarkably thrown into retrograde degeneration, while larger-diameter ON fibers are relatively resistant to axotomy." 06/01/1986 - "Finally, these are the first detailed studies of the ionic basis of axotomy-induced electrogenicity in a vertebrate neuron, central or peripheral, and the similarity to the results obtained with invertebrate neurons suggests common mechanisms underlying the axon reaction." 12/01/1999 - "Although it is generally assumed that the local cerebral blood flow (CBF) fluctuates in response to the axonal reaction, there has been no direct evidence for changes in CBF in the motor nucleus following axotomy. " 08/01/1999 - "In addition to enhancing RGC survival, NOS inhibitors delayed the retrograde degeneration of RGC axons after axotomy. " 06/01/1996 - "Axotomy of nigral dopaminergic neurons results in a retrograde degeneration of their cell bodies. "
3.	Injections 11/08/1988 - "As expected on the basis of retrograde degeneration and transport studies, injections centered in the magnocellular (MDmc) subnucleus of MD labeled cells and terminals in the ventral and medial prefrontal cortex. " 10/15/1986 - "Special attention was paid to the second somatosensory area (S2), the connections of which were also studied by means of thalamic isotope injections and retrograde degeneration. " 09/01/1981 - "The above findings following HRP injections into the prestriate cortex in normal monkeys were confirmed by HRP injections into the prestriate cortex of monkeys whose striate cortex had been removed several months prior to the injection; labeled cells were found in confines of areas of retrograde degeneration in the LGN and their labeling pattern was the same as that in intact animals. " 01/01/1977 - "Investigations of retrograde transport following intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase have confirmed the results of retrograde degeneration studies by demonstrating cortically projecting cells in VA, LP, LD, and Pul. " 01/01/1987 - "Postsurgical injections of GM1 gangliosides (30 mg/kg IP) reduced neither behavioral deficits in rats following bilateral ablation of the visual cortex nor the extent of retrograde degeneration of neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus that typically accompanies large lesions of the visual cortex. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/1985 - "Peripheral nerve grafts to the frog optic tectum: a morphological study of the axon reaction in trigeminal motor and sensory neurons." 01/01/2003 - "Moreover, re-axotomy of the regenerated axons within the graft did not result in significant retrograde degeneration of RGCs within 28 days. " 07/01/1998 - "It is well documented that many CNS neurons regenerate axons along peripheral nerve grafts placed in close proximity to their cell bodies and that these grafts can ameliorate axotomy-induced retrograde degeneration. " 11/01/2003 - "The neurotrophin expressing grafts, but not the control grafts, significantly reduced retrograde degeneration and atrophy in the injured red nucleus. " 07/01/1998 - "Three effects of these grafts were observed: amelioration of retrograde degeneration of axotomized anterior thalamic neurons, hypertrophy of many thalamic neurons in the local environment of the graft, and ingrowth of axons of axotomized anterior thalamic neurons as well as nonaxotomized neurons from surrounding nuclei. "
5.	Traction 07/01/2002 - "This study also showed that the pronounced alteration of the facial nerve following acute traction on the parotid gland was retrograde degeneration; it involved up to its internal acoustic meatus segment. " 07/01/2002 - "Retrograde degeneration of the facial nerve after acute traction on parotid gland: an experimental investigation." 11/01/2013 - "Microcysts in the inner nuclear layer from optic atrophy are caused by retrograde trans-synaptic degeneration combined with vitreous traction on the retinal surface." 11/01/2013 - "Reply: Microcysts in the inner nuclear layer from optic atrophy are caused by retrograde trans-synaptic degeneration combined with vitreous traction on the retinal surface."