Retinaldehyde (Retinal)

A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration.

Also Known As:

Networked: 27699 relevant articles (794 outcomes, 2708 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Klein, Ronald: 156 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Wong, Tien Yin: 139 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Wong, Tien Y: 137 articles (11/2015 - 11/2002)
4.	Mitchell, Paul: 114 articles (12/2015 - 10/2002)
5.	Wang, Jie Jin: 114 articles (11/2015 - 10/2002)
6.	Shields, Carol L: 91 articles (01/2016 - 03/2002)
7.	Yoshimura, Nagahisa: 90 articles (01/2016 - 02/2002)
8.	Klein, Barbara E K: 90 articles (11/2015 - 03/2002)
9.	Chan, Chi-Chao: 73 articles (01/2016 - 03/2002)
10.	Weinreb, Robert N: 71 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Ischemia 09/01/2014 - "A complete functional and histologic protection against retinal ischemic damage can be achieved by previous preconditioning with non-damaging ischemia. " 01/01/2007 - "Histology confirmed that IPC induction by 5 min of retinal ischemia results in a complete protection against the neurodegenerative effects of a 60 min ischemic period applied 24 or 48 h later. " 05/01/2008 - "Histological studies showed that evolving ischemia afflicted the internal retinal layers, primarily involving the layer ofganglionic cells and nerve fibers, which was also attended by a significant reduction in the level of venous outflow and, thus, it was of mixed (arteriovenous) nature." 11/01/2007 - "Studies of retinal ischemia/reperfusion indicate a disparity between the anatomical and functional results; while a large number of rod bipolar cells remain postischemia, there is a significant reduction in the amplitude of the scotopic b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG). " 04/01/2012 - "EPO deficiency in heterozygous Epo-Tag transgenic mice was associated with more profound retinal dysfunction after OIR, indicated by a significantly greater suppression of ERG amplitudes, but had no measurable effect on the extent of retinal ischemia, preretinal neovascularization, or neuroretinal degeneration in OIR. "
2.	Diabetic Retinopathy (Retinopathy, Diabetic) 11/25/2013 - "Our experimental findings dicate that endoplasmic reticulum stress plays an important role in diabetes-induced retinal neu-ronal loss and vascular abnormalities, and that inhibiting the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway provides effective protection against diabetic retinopathy. " 07/01/2003 - "One eye with retinal macroaneurysm and another with proliferative diabetic retinopathy did not show marked improvement immediately following membranotomy. " 11/01/2013 - "Mean retinal thickness measurements in all 9 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report areas were significantly greater with the Spectralis HRA + OCT than with the Cirrus HD-OCT (P < 0.001). " 10/01/2014 - "During the follow-up period, the resting diameter of retinal arterioles decreased significantly in the patients who experienced improvement in diabetic retinopathy but was unchanged in the other groups, whereas both the diameter response of retinal arterioles to isometric exercise and retinal thickness increased non-significantly with worsening of retinopathy. " 07/01/2011 - "After initiation of CSII, the retinal visual pathway of the rods improved with a delay of more than 4 months, over a time scale comparable with the duration of the diabetic retinopathy early worsening response to sustained glycaemia reduction. "
3.	Macular Degeneration (Age-Related Maculopathy) 06/01/2014 - "To determine the sensitivity of the Cirrus high-definition (HD) 5-line raster scans for detecting retinal fluid in neovascular age-related macular degeneration when using the spectral domain optical coherence tomography macular cubes as a gold standard. " 03/01/2014 - "It is a potential new therapeutic for atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other retinal degenerative disorders. " 07/01/2005 - "Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) has a poor natural history and the efficacy of any treatment has not yet been established. " 12/01/2012 - "Retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography in early atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and a new metric for objective evaluation of the efficacy of ocular nutrition." 05/01/2011 - "The data suggest that NACA may be a novel treatment in rescuing retinal function and preventing vision loss secondary to retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration."
4.	Macular Edema 01/01/2005 - "The main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and macular edema map values of Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II. In Group 1, mean visual acuity improved significantly from a mean logMAR (logarithm of minimal angle of resolution) value of 0.98+/-0.19 at baseline to a maximum of 0.24+/-0.24 during a mean follow-up time of 6.3 months. " 05/01/2015 - "The central retinal thickness was evaluated by optical coherence tomography and improved from 310 to 233 μm, with the resolution of both the associated serous detachments and the cystoid macular edema; an almost complete reabsorption of the hard exudates at the end of the treatment was also observed. " 11/01/2008 - "A subgroup analysis revealed that patients with pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (n = 11) had a mean significant improvement in visual acuity and retinal thickness compared with baseline at 4 weeks and 12 weeks posttreatment (P < 0.0001). " 08/01/1991 - "These results indicate that quantitative measurement of retinal thickness may become useful in the management of diabetic patients with macular edema." 04/01/2014 - "We also present a new hybrid classifier as an ensemble of Gaussian mixture model and support vector machine for improved exudate detection even in the presence of other bright lesions which eventually leads to reliable classification of input retinal image in different stages of macular edema. "
5.	Glaucoma 01/01/2009 - "Quantitative imaging methods such as Heidelberg Retinal Tomography (HRT) and Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT) show great promise for the diagnosis and management of glaucoma and as these technologies continue to improve, they will become more important in the care of glaucoma. " 08/01/2013 - "This technology has the potential to pre-empt the diagnosis of glaucoma prior to visual deterioration, to provide an accurate numeric evaluation highlighting even small retinal changes and to allow the rapid judgement of the efficacy of both current and new therapeutic strategies. " 05/01/2013 - "Early interventions aimed to protect the retinal microvasculature and improve blood supply are likely to be beneficial for the treatment of glaucoma." 03/01/2013 - "Community-based screening of high-risk groups with functional testing using FDT perimetry can be effective, but newer automated structural measurements of the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer may allow improved glaucoma screening sensitivity and specificity in the future." 12/01/2012 - "We recognised a significant reduction of the retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and the amplitude in the pattern ERG in the cluster of glaucoma patients. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
2.	bevacizumab
3.	ROP
4.	Oxygen
5.	ranibizumab (Lucentis)
6.	Fluorescein (Funduscein)
7.	Triamcinolone Acetonide (Azmacort)
8.	Silicones
9.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)
10.	Vitamin E

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lasers (Laser)
2.	Light Coagulation
3.	Vitrectomy
4.	Intravitreal Injections
5.	Injections