Retinal Degeneration

A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

Also Known As:

Networked: 2246 relevant articles (89 outcomes, 261 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Retinitis Pigmentosa (Pigmentary Retinopathy)
2.	Retinal Degeneration
3.	Ischemia
4.	Diabetic Retinopathy (Retinopathy, Diabetic)
5.	Hemorrhage

Experts

1.	Palczewski, Krzysztof: 27 articles (11/2015 - 11/2002)
2.	Naash, Muna I: 22 articles (11/2015 - 10/2003)
3.	Jacobson, Samuel G: 20 articles (01/2016 - 04/2002)
4.	Maeda, Akiko: 18 articles (11/2015 - 01/2003)
5.	Hauswirth, William W: 18 articles (10/2015 - 01/2003)
6.	Grimm, Christian: 18 articles (01/2015 - 03/2002)
7.	Fliesler, Steven J: 18 articles (06/2014 - 08/2004)
8.	Maeda, Tadao: 17 articles (11/2015 - 04/2002)
9.	Stone, Edwin M: 16 articles (06/2015 - 05/2003)
10.	Dunaief, Joshua L: 15 articles (01/2016 - 04/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Retinal Degeneration:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 02/01/2012 - "This study demonstrates a molecular basis of all-trans-retinal-induced retinal pathology and identifies an assemblage of FDA-approved compounds with protective effects against this pathology in a mouse model that shows features of Stargardt's disease and age-related retinal degeneration." 06/01/2013 - "corylifolia has protective effects against oxidative stress-induced retinal damage, and may be considered as an agent for treating or preventing retinal degeneration." 08/22/2006 - "These results demonstrate that human ES cells can be selectively directed to a neural retinal cell fate and thus may be useful in the treatment of retinal degenerations." 05/01/2015 - "Reduced photoreceptor death and improved retinal function during retinal degeneration in mice lacking innate immunity adaptor protein MyD88." 02/01/2014 - "The retinal changes that yielded false-positive results included retinal cystic degenerations, retinal thickening, and retinal pigment epithelium detachment. "
2.	Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)IBA 11/01/2005 - "We conclude that (i) 2 or 3 times PACAP treatment attenuates retinal degeneration; (ii) one PACAP treatment does not provide protection against repeated excitotoxic insults, and (iii) repeated application of PACAP under these experimental conditions may lead to a primed state in which further neurotoxic insults are ineffective." 08/01/2007 - "In summary, our present study provides evidence, for the first time, that PACAP attenuates ischemic retinal degeneration." 01/01/2012 - "Exogenous PACAP administration could partially protect against retinal degeneration in PACAP deficient mice. " 01/01/2012 - "We have provided evidence that PACAP is neuroprotective in several models of retinal degeneration in vivo. " 01/01/2011 - "Our results provide the basis for future clinical application of PACAP treatment in retinal degeneration and may have clinical implications in several ophthalmic diseases."
3.	Rhodopsin (Visual Purple)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Because of the high rate of rhodopsin mutations in RP patients, the present study was performed to confirm the protective effects of Tat-µCL against retinal degeneration in rhodopsin transgenic S334ter and P23H rats. " 01/01/2012 - "Injection of AAV5-XIAP alone at P4 and 21 resulted in significant slowing of light-induced retinal degeneration, as measured by outer nuclear thickness and cell counts, but did not result in improved outer segment structure and rhodopsin localization. " 06/15/2004 - "GFP-tagged human rhodopsin provides a sensitive method to monitor the development of normal and diseased retinas in dissected samples, and it offers a noninvasive means to observe the progress of retinal degeneration and the efficacy of gene-based therapies in whole animals." 01/01/2014 - "Recent studies on the endoplasmic reticulum stress have shown that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is involved in the pathogenesis of inherited retinal degeneration caused by mutant rhodopsin. " 10/04/2013 - "The purpose of this study was to test for mechanisms by which the autosomal dominant rhodopsin mutation Ter349Glu causes an early, rapid retinal degeneration in patients. "
4.	Sodium Glutamate (Accent)IBA 03/09/2009 - "In summary, the present study showed that expanded field provided some degree of neuroprotection, while a complex environmental enrichment led to a manifest protection against retinal degeneration induced by neonatal MSG treatment in rats." 03/01/2014 - "The aim of the present study was to examine the protective potential of Ucn 2 in monosodium-glutamate (MSG)-induced retinal degeneration by routine histology and to investigate cell-type specific effects by immunohistochemistry. " 04/01/2009 - "The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the physiologically occurring fragments PACAP1-38 and 1-27 and the widely used antagonists (PACAP6-38 and 6-27) in retinal degeneration induced by MSG in neonatal pups. " 03/09/2009 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate whether retinal degeneration induced by neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rats can be ameliorated by expanded cage size or enriched environment. " 09/01/2007 - "Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective role of this compound in two rodent model systems: monosodium-glutamate (MSG)- and chronic bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO)-induced retinal degeneration. "
5.	Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF)IBA 03/07/2006 - "When the implants were removed after 6 months, they contained viable cells with minimal cell loss and gave CNTF output at levels previously shown to be therapeutic for retinal degeneration in rcd1 dogs. " 09/01/2003 - "Thus, CNTF may be a useful treatment for human antibody-mediated retinal degeneration." 11/15/1998 - "These results suggest that continuous administration of CNTF could potentially be useful for the treatment of some forms of retinal degeneration." 04/01/2011 - "Larger studies of cone structure using high-resolution imaging techniques are urgently needed to evaluate the effect of CNTF treatment in patients with inherited retinal degenerations." 04/01/2011 - "To study cone photoreceptor structure and function in patients with inherited retinal degenerations treated with sustained-release ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). "
6.	Vitamin A (Retinol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2016 - "Here, we present outstanding questions, finding the answers to which may help to elucidate the role of vitamin A dimerization in retinal degeneration. " 08/01/2001 - "To assess the long-term efficacy of combined vitamin A and E treatment in preventing retinal degeneration in patients with abetalipoproteinaemia (ABL) or homozygous hypobetalipoproteinaemia (HBL). " 04/01/1978 - "Further study of the relation of vitamin A to retinal degenerations." 01/01/1977 - "A therapeutic trial of vitamin A in patients with pigmentary retinal degenerations: a negative study." 01/01/2016 - "One of the earliest events preceding several forms of retinal degeneration is the formation and accumulation of vitamin A dimers in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and underlying Bruch's membrane (BM). "
7.	calpain inhibitorsIBA 11/01/2010 - "We therefore tested the efficacy of two different calpain inhibitors in preventing cell death in the retinal degeneration (rd1) human homologous mouse model for RP. " 12/01/2010 - "Calpain inhibitor protects cells against light-induced retinal degeneration." 05/15/2006 - "Calpain inhibitors may be candidate drugs for treatment of retinal degeneration and dysfunction resulting from glaucoma." 12/01/2010 - "We investigated the protective effects of ((1S)-1-((((1S)-1-benzyl-3-cyclopropylamino-2,3-di-oxopropyl)amino)carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl)carbamic acid 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl ester (SNJ-1945), a calpain inhibitor, against light-induced retinal degeneration in mice. " 09/01/2010 - "These results suggest that 1), calpain presents not only in the cytosolic fraction but also in the mitochondrial fraction in RCS rat retina; 2), mitochondrial calpain is activated earlier than cytosolic calpain during retinal degeneration in RCS rats; 3), photoreceptor apoptosis may be regulated by not only calpain systems but also other mechanisms; 4), mitochondrial calpain may activate AIF to induce apoptosis; and 5), calpain inhibitors may be partially effective to inhibit photoreceptor apoptosis in RCS rats. "
8.	Kainic Acid (Kainate)IBA 01/01/2001 - "Protective effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid against kainate-induced retinal degeneration in rats." 07/01/2004 - "Kainic acid-mediated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 promotes retinal degeneration." 01/01/2011 - "The in vivo protective effects of PACAP have been shown in retinal degeneration induced by kainic acid, optic nerve transection and ischemia. " 07/01/2010 - "In vivo, the protective effects of intravitreal PACAP treatment have been shown in the following models of retinal degeneration in rats: excitotoxic injury induced by glutamate and kainate, ischemic injury, degeneration caused by UV-A light, optic nerve transection, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy. " 04/01/2011 - "The aim of this study was to determine the developmental changes of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (PGs), decorin, biglycan and fibromodulin, in ICR mouse retinas and to elucidate their role in the adult retina using kainic acid (KA)-induced retinal degeneration model. "
9.	IronIBA 08/01/2013 - "We have previously demonstrated that iron-overloaded retinas are a good in vitro model for the study of retinal degeneration during iron-induced oxidative stress. " 03/01/2009 - "This study was designed to further elucidate iron homeostasis during the course of retinal degeneration in mice. " 06/01/2008 - "In this study, the location and timing of iron accumulation, the rate and reproducibility of retinal degeneration, and the roles of oxidative stress and complement activation were determined. " 08/01/2015 - "These findings indicate that iron absorbed from the diet can modestly increase the level of iron deposition in the wild-type mouse RPE without causing RPE or retinal degeneration. " 01/01/2013 - "HFE is expressed in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and Hfe(-/-) mice develop age-related iron accumulation and retinal degeneration associated with RPE hyperproliferation. "
10.	Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)IBA 03/01/2015 - "The responses of m(+)RGCs against OHT-induced retinal degeneration and neuroprotection differ from those of Brn3a(+)RGCs; while OHT induces similar loss of Brn3a(+)RGCs and m(+)RGCs, Brn3a(+)RGCs are lost in sectors and can be rescued with BDNF, but m(+)RGCs do not respond to BDNF and their loss is diffuse." 02/12/2014 - "The data suggest that aerobic exercise is neuroprotective for retinal degeneration and that this effect is mediated by BDNF signaling. " 09/01/2005 - "These data provide proof of the concept that BDNF gene transfer into Müller cells is an effective strategy for preserving structure and function of photoreceptors in retinal degeneration." 09/01/2005 - "To test the hypothesis that adenovirus (Ad)-mediated gene delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to Müller cells can protect photoreceptors from light-induced retinal degeneration. " 05/15/2003 - "Studies examining the effects of intravitreous injections of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in models of inherited retinal degenerations have suggested that BDNF has little survival-promoting activity for photoreceptors. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 02/01/2015 - "Human BM-MSC transplantation using this system ameliorates retinal degeneration in the animal model. " 02/01/2015 - "This study is expected to lead directly to phase I clinical trials for autologous hBM-MSCs transplantation in patients with retinal degeneration." 03/01/2014 - "This study examined the survival and migration of pre-induced hPBMCs three months after subretinal transplantation in the retinal degeneration slow (rds) mouse model of RP. " 10/01/2013 - "This study reveals the novel finding that preservation of specialized synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and second order neurons, as well as phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, are potential mechanism(s) of HuCNS-SC transplantation, mediating functional rescue in retinal degeneration." 08/01/2007 - "The current study investigates whether bone marrow MSCs secrete factor(s) to promote photoreceptor cell survival and whether subretinal transplantation of bone marrow MSCs promotes photoreceptor survival in a retinal degeneration model using Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. "
2.	Cell Transplantation 01/01/2004 - "This study demonstrates that ex vivo gene therapy and subsequent cell transplantation can be effective in preserving photoreceptors from the cell death that normally accompanies retinal degeneration." 11/01/2014 - "In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. " 03/01/2007 - "These results suggest that MSC is a useful cell source for cell-transplantation therapy for retinal degeneration. " 02/01/2012 - "In the present study, we explored the efficacy of HuCNS-SC in a rodent model of retinal degeneration, the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, and extended our previous cell transplantation studies to include an in-depth examination of donor cell behavior and phenotype post-transplantation. " 01/01/2002 - "Cell transplantation is one way of limiting the progress of retinal degeneration in animal models of blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). "
3.	Intravitreal Injections 07/01/1995 - "Recent studies have shown that subretinal or intravitreal injections of bFGF delay the retinal degeneration of the RCS rat but the global nature of this effect has been quantified for few test animals and the mechanism underlying this effect is not understood. " 12/15/2015 - "Intravitreal injection of AG-024,322 at 30μg/eye also resulted in decreases (50 to 60%) in b-wave, mild to marked retinal degeneration and mild vitreous debris. " 12/15/2015 - "Intravitreal injection of AG-012,986 at ≥10μg/eye resulted in decreases (60%) in ERG b-wave and microscopic changes of mild to moderate retinal degeneration, and at 30μg/eye led to additional ophthalmic findings. " 01/01/2013 - "In S334ter rats, we found that intravitreal injection or topical application of the peptide prevented photoreceptor cell death from postnatal (PN) 15 to 18 days, the time of early-stage retinal degeneration. " 08/01/2009 - "Retinal degeneration was induced in adult male Wistar rats via caudal-vein injection of 1% NaIO(3) at 50 mg/kg. One h after NaIO(3) treatment, the right eyes received intravitreal injection of 2.5 microg nm-haFGF in 10 microL saline and the left eyes received saline alone as vehicle-treated eyes. "
4.	Visual Prosthesis 04/01/2012 - "This study evaluated the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (Second Sight Medical Products, Inc., Sylmar, CA) in blind subjects with severe outer retinal degeneration. " 01/01/2015 - "Retinal prostheses have the potential to restore some level of visual function to the patients suffering from retinal degeneration. " 09/01/2013 - "We review recent advances in optogenetics, visual prosthesis and electrostimulation to treat outer retinal degenerations." 06/01/2013 - "Retinal prostheses have restored light perception to people worldwide who have poor or no vision as a consequence of retinal degeneration. " 01/01/2012 - "Retinal prostheses, which restore partial vision to patients blinded by outer retinal degeneration, are currently in clinical trial. "
5.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 01/01/2005 - "A single intravitreous injection of rhGDNF-loaded microspheres slows the retinal degeneration processes in rd1/rd1 mice. " 09/01/2012 - "The PLGA/PLA microspheres may be a feasible protein delivery system, such as EPO, to intravitreal injection for retinal degeneration diseases." 02/01/2011 - "Thus, co-transplantation of MMP2-PLGA microspheres with RPCs provides controlled release of active MMP2 to the site of retinal degeneration, stimulating inhibitory barrier removal and enhancing cell integration. " 10/01/2003 - "Subretinal injections of 1 micro L of fluorescent microbeads, saline, or INS37217 (1-200 micro M) were made by the transvitreal method in normal (C57BL/6) mice and in mice heterozygous for the retinal degeneration slow (rds) gene. " 01/01/2005 - "To evaluate the potential delay of the retinal degeneration in rd1/rd1 mice using recombinant human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (rhGDNF) encapsulated in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres. "