Restless Legs Syndrome (Restless Legs)

A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.

Also Known As:

Restless Legs; Restless Leg Syndrome; Willis Ekbom Disease; Willis Ekbom Syndrome; Willis-Ekbom Disease; Willis-Ekbom Syndrome; Wittmaack Ekbom Syndrome; Wittmaack-Ekbom Syndrome; Disease, Willis Ekbom; Disease, Willis-Ekbom; Syndrome, Restless Leg; Syndrome, Willis Ekbom; Syndrome, Willis-Ekbom; Syndrome, Wittmaack Ekbom; Syndrome, Wittmaack-Ekbom

Networked: 1773 relevant articles (166 outcomes, 336 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)
2.	Restless Legs Syndrome (Restless Legs)
3.	Pain (Aches)
4.	Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia)
5.	Iron Deficiencies

Experts

1.	Allen, Richard P: 61 articles (11/2021 - 11/2002)
2.	Trenkwalder, Claudia: 55 articles (10/2021 - 01/2002)
3.	Earley, Christopher J: 49 articles (02/2022 - 05/2004)
4.	Högl, Birgit: 33 articles (01/2022 - 08/2005)
5.	Garcia-Borreguero, Diego: 31 articles (10/2021 - 06/2004)
6.	Walters, Arthur S: 29 articles (01/2021 - 07/2002)
7.	Ferini-Strambi, Luigi: 25 articles (08/2016 - 11/2003)
8.	Winkelman, John W: 24 articles (11/2022 - 01/2004)
9.	Kohnen, Ralf: 24 articles (01/2016 - 10/2003)
10.	Stiasny-Kolster, Karin: 22 articles (08/2014 - 01/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Restless Legs Syndrome:

1.	Dopamine Agonists (Dopamine Agonist)IBA 07/19/2011 - "Review: Dopamine agonists are effective for the restless legs syndrome but may be discontinued due to adverse events." 08/01/2011 - "Safety and efficacy of non-ergot dopamine agonists for the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome have been shown in short-term trials. " 09/01/2004 - "Controlled clinical trials robustly demonstrate the short-term efficacy of dopamine agonists (DA) for restless legs syndrome (RLS), but little is known about the long-term efficacy and long-term adverse events. " 09/18/2013 - "In the last few years, dopamine agonists (DA) have been used as first-line treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS), a disabling sensorimotor disorder. " 03/16/2011 - "According to clinical guidelines, dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). "
2.	Pramipexole (Mirapex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2010 - "Pramipexole group showed a significant reduction in the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale (IRLS; p=0.0005), a significant improvement in both Patient Global Impression (PGI; p<0.0001) and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI-I; p=0.0488), and a significantly greater mean reduction in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; p=0.0016), when compared with those of placebo group at week 6. Pramipexole is highly efficacious in the reduction of PLMI and in the improvement of subjective severity of RLS and subjective sleep disturbance caused by the disorder." 01/01/2012 - "Of 287 patients in the full analysis set, the pramipexole group showed significant improvement compared with the placebo group in the change of their International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale of Severity (IRLS) total score from baseline to week 6 after adjustment of centers and baseline characters (-15.87±0.66 vs. -11.35±0.92, p<0.0001) and in the proportion of patients who were "much improved" and "very much improved" when measured by Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (81.9% vs. 54.3%, p<0.0001). " 04/01/2011 - "Pramipexole is an effective treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS), but no controlled studies have lasted >12 weeks. " 01/20/2007 - "Fifty-one patients suffering from idiopathic restless legs syndrome underwent monotherapy with pramipexole in daily doses of 0.25 to 1.0 mg. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated using three tools, i.e. " 01/01/2016 - "Efficacy of Pramipexole for the Treatment of Primary Restless Leg Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials."
3.	IronIBA 11/01/2010 - "The objective of the study was to investigate the frequency and severity of iron depletion in regular blood donors and whether IV iron is more effective than oral to avoid iron depletion and symptoms thereof, especially restless legs syndrome (RLS). " 05/01/2010 - "Finding a safe and effective intravenous iron treatment for restless legs syndrome." 03/17/2022 - "Several studies have reported the efficacy of intravenous (IV) iron for patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS), but little is known about the efficacy or safety of repeated IV iron treatment. " 09/01/2015 - "Efficacy of the low-dose Saccharum iron treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome." 10/15/2012 - "Intravenous iron given prior to pregnancy for restless legs syndrome is associated with remission of symptoms."
4.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2007 - "Levodopa is effective in the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). " 03/01/2019 - "Three subjects had symptoms consistent with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) that improved with Levodopa. " 01/01/2007 - "The impressive relief from restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms provided by levodopa treatment indicates RLS is caused by a dopaminergic abnormality. " 02/01/2010 - "The European Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Study Group performed the first multi-center, long-term study systematically evaluating RLS augmentation under levodopa treatment. " 02/01/2010 - "Progressive development of augmentation during long-term treatment with levodopa in restless legs syndrome: results of a prospective multi-center study."
5.	rotigotine FDA Link 07/01/2008 - "Efficacy of rotigotine for treatment of moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." 03/01/2008 - "Efficacy of rotigotine transdermal system in severe restless legs syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, six-week dose-finding trial in Europe." 08/01/2016 - "Clinical pharmacology and efficacy of rotigotine (Neupro® patch) in the treatment of restless leg syndrome." 07/01/2008 - "Our aim was to investigate the efficacy of transdermal rotigotine in the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome. " 12/01/2020 - "The objective of this study was to assess the rotigotine effect on the nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dip by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and on endothelial function in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) compared with placebo. "
6.	Dopamine Agents (Dopaminergic Agents)IBA 01/01/2007 - "Dopaminergic agents are the best-studied agents and are considered first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). " 09/01/2001 - "Dopaminergic agents are highly effective in treating restless legs syndrome, but side effects can be problematic. " 02/01/2012 - "Dopaminergic drugs are the mainstay of treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS). " 01/01/2017 - "Dopaminergic drugs have been used as the first-line treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS) for many years and are considered to be, at least over the short-term, effective and safe. " 12/01/2010 - "Numerous randomised controlled trials have proved the efficacy of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic drugs in the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). "
7.	ropinirole (Requip)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2006 - "Based on the results of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials, we conclude that ropinirole is effective in reducing symptoms of restless legs syndrome in the general population. " 10/01/2006 - "Ropinirole is effective in the long-term management of restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled trial." 12/01/2004 - "Ropinirole is effective in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. " 10/01/2006 - "The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term efficacy of ropinirole in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and to assess the potential for relapse after the discontinuation of active treatment. " 08/01/2004 - "Polysomnographic study evaluating the efficacy of ropinirole for the treatment of patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) suffering from periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS). "
8.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 12/01/2013 - "Opioids are a potential new treatment for severe restless legs syndrome. " 01/01/2023 - "Long-term Safety, Dose Stability, and Efficacy of Opioids for Patients With Restless Legs Syndrome in the National RLS Opioid Registry." 04/01/2005 - "Opioids have been shown to provide symptomatic relief from dysaesthesias and motor symptoms in restless legs syndrome (RLS). " 01/01/2023 - "This study provides Class IV evidence that opioid doses increase in roughly 40% of patients, in most by small amounts, over a 2-year period when prescribed for adult refractory restless leg syndrome." 07/01/2002 - "Therapeutic studies of the opioids in restless legs syndrome (RLS) are reviewed. "
9.	1- (((alpha- isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl)aminomethyl)- 1- cyclohexaneacetic acidIBA 12/01/2012 - "In the 12-week Patient Improvements in Vital Outcomes following Treatment (PIVOT) RLS I and II trials in adult patients with moderate to severe primary RLS (n > 500 total evaluable), once-daily gabapentin enacarbil 600 or 1,200 mg significantly improved mean International Restless Legs Scale (IRLS) total scores compared with placebo, with significantly higher investigator-rated Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) responder rates in gabapentin enacarbil groups than in placebo groups. " 11/01/2009 - "Gabapentin enacarbil at 1200 mg significantly improved restless legs syndrome symptoms compared with placebo. " 02/03/2009 - "XP13512 1,200 mg, taken once daily, significantly improved restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms compared with placebo and was generally well tolerated in adults with moderate to severe primary RLS." 12/01/2011 - "Gabapentin enacarbil is a new treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS). " 01/01/2021 - "Two placebo-controlled studies (Phase II/III and post-marketing) in Japanese patients with RLS failed to demonstrate the efficacy of gabapentin enacarbil (GE) 600 mg in the change from baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS) score at the end of the treatment period. "
10.	Gabapentin (Neurontin)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2003 - "Gabapentin improved sensory and motor symptoms in the restless legs syndrome." 08/01/2023 - "This study aimed to compare the effect of valerian and gabapentin on restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep quality in HD patients. " 01/01/2013 - "Population PK-pharmacodynamic (PD) models were evaluated using gabapentin exposure and change from baseline in investigator- or patient-rated Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) or International Restless Legs Scale (IRLS) total score. " 09/05/2011 - "Gabapentin encarbil (Horizant) for restless leg syndrome." 05/13/2003 - "Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin: a double-blind, cross-over study."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 06/01/2010 - "Oral glucocorticosteroids: effective in a case of restless legs syndrome resistant to other therapies." 10/01/2006 - "Evidence-based guidelines consider dopaminergic therapy to be the mainstay of treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS). " 01/01/2020 - "Randomized pilot trial for the efficacy of the MMF07 foot massager and heat therapy for restless legs syndrome." 11/01/2020 - "Current Evidence on Diagnostic Criteria, Relevant Outcome Measures, and Efficacy of Nonpharmacologic Therapy in the Management of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): A Scoping Review." 01/01/2018 - "The objective of this study was to investigate perceptual decision-making and reflection impulsivity in drug naïve patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and patients with dopaminergic therapy. "
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 02/01/2016 - "While the rate of restless legs syndrome was similar between transplants and controls, it was significantly greater in hemodialysis patients. " 03/01/2008 - "Intradialytic aerobic exercise training ameliorates symptoms of restless legs syndrome and improves functional capacity in patients on hemodialysis: a pilot study." 01/01/2023 - "This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of limb ischemic preconditioning (LIPC) in treating restless leg syndrome (RLS) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. " 07/01/2022 - "One hundred and twelve patients on three per week hemodialysis for more than three months at our hemodialysis centre were face to face interviewed as per International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group criteria (IRLSSG) for the presence of RLS symptoms. " 02/01/2021 - "Twenty-six HD-RLS patients, 30 hemodialysis patients without restless legs syndrome (HD-nRLS) and 30 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls were included in this study. "
3.	Transdermal Patch 08/01/2011 - "Rotigotine transdermal patch is generally well tolerated after 1 year and provides sustained efficacy for patients with moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome at a stable dose for up to 5 years. " 08/01/2011 - "We did a prospective open-label extension of a 6-week, double-blind randomised trial to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for up to 5 years in patients with restless legs syndrome. " 08/01/2011 - "Long-term safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a 5-year open-label extension study." 01/01/2013 - "Safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch in patients with restless legs syndrome: a post-hoc analysis of patients taking 1 - 3 mg/24 h for up to 5 years." 10/01/2010 - "To assess the efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch in subjects with moderate to severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement (PLM) in sleep in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study (NCT00275236). "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 11/01/2011 - "The primary outcome measure, change in score on the International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale, showed a statistically significant improvement in RLS during the first 4 weeks after treatment. " 06/01/2015 - "Scores on the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) Rating Scale and ALFF values were measured before and after treatment. " 04/12/2020 - "Scores of international restless leg syndrome rating scale (IRLS), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) were observed before and after treatment in the two groups. " 06/12/2016 - "Scores of international restless legs syndrome(IRLS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI) were observed before and after treatment and comprehensive effects were evaluated in the two groups. " 01/01/2019 - "Improvement of Parasomnias After Treatment of Restless Leg Syndrome/ Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children."
5.	Hemodiafiltration 09/01/2019 - "Restless legs syndrome effectively treated with constant-pressure predilution online hemodiafiltration." 09/01/2020 - "High-efficiency online hemodiafiltration is an effective therapeutic strategy for restless legs syndrome in dialysis patients. " 01/01/2007 - "Nevertheless, restless legs syndrome, irritability, insomnia and pruritus were alleviated after switching the treatment modality from hemodialysis to push/pull hemodiafiltration. " 01/01/2007 - "Specific indications should be considered because hemodiafiltration has been reported to be effective against hyperphospatemia, malnutrition, insomnia, irritability, restless-leg syndrome, polyneuropathy, anemia, itching and joint pain, and may prevent dialysis-associated amyloidosis. " 09/01/2020 - "Therapeutic effect of high-efficiency online hemodiafiltration for recurrent restless legs syndrome in dialysis patients."