Respiratory Tract Infections (Respiratory Tract Infection)

Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.

Also Known As:

Respiratory Tract Infection; Respiratory Infections; Upper Respiratory Infections; Infections, Respiratory; Infections, Respiratory Tract; Infections, Upper Respiratory; Infections, Upper Respiratory Tract; Infection, Respiratory System; Infection, Respiratory Tract; Respiratory Infection, Upper; Respiratory System Infection; Respiratory System Infections; Upper Respiratory Tract Infection; Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

Networked: 14082 relevant articles (934 outcomes, 2160 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)
3.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
4.	Human Influenza (Influenza)
5.	Asthma (Bronchial Asthma)

Experts

1.	Little, Paul: 73 articles (09/2022 - 03/2002)
2.	Schuetz, Philipp: 53 articles (01/2022 - 08/2005)
3.	Butler, Christopher C: 49 articles (06/2022 - 11/2005)
4.	Coenen, Samuel: 38 articles (12/2022 - 09/2002)
5.	Hay, Alastair D: 38 articles (09/2022 - 05/2002)
6.	Goossens, Herman: 34 articles (06/2022 - 09/2003)
7.	Mueller, Beat: 33 articles (04/2021 - 10/2008)
8.	Bjerrum, Lars: 32 articles (12/2022 - 03/2004)
9.	Jones, Ronald N: 32 articles (05/2017 - 05/2002)
10.	Esposito, Susanna: 31 articles (05/2022 - 07/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Respiratory Tract Infections:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 08/01/2017 - "Each of the doctor in the panel agreed that the ideal antibiotic for the treatment in CAP or lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) should be highly effective with lesser side effects and broader spectrum covering atypical bacteria. " 01/01/2021 - "Despite some improvement in appropriate antibiotic use for acute upper respiratory tract infections after hospital-based quality improvement efforts, physicians did not generally follow international guidelines for appropriate antibiotic use and patients believed that their use was important. " 09/18/2012 - "Few interventions have proven effective in reducing the overuse of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections. " 06/01/2009 - "A multiple intervention targeted to reduce antibiotic prescribing with an educational outreach programme had proven to be effective in a randomized controlled trial in 12 peer review groups, demonstrating 12% less prescriptions for respiratory tract infections. " 02/07/2008 - "There have been very few reports about the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics against respiratory tract infection caused by NTHi in mice because it is difficult for H. "
2.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2022 - "We will also discuss the role cellular senescence may play in the inability of most vaccines to confer protection against respiratory infections when administered to older adults. " 01/01/2020 - "The primary end point was RSV-associated, medically significant lower respiratory tract infection up to 90 days of life, and the primary analysis of vaccine efficacy against the primary end point was performed in the per-protocol population of infants (prespecified criterion for success, lower bound of the 97.52% confidence interval [CI] of ≥30%). " 01/01/2014 - "Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infection in infants and young children worldwide, but currently no safe and effective vaccine is available. " 01/01/2023 - "This review summarizes current efforts to develop safe and effective nasal vaccines and delivery systems, as well as their clinical applications for the prevention of respiratory infections. " 02/01/2019 - "Probiotic administration may be a natural and safe strategy to improve the efficacy of vaccines and to protect against common respiratory infections in susceptible populations."
3.	Amoxicillin (Wymox)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "Amoxicillin for uncomplicated lower respiratory tract infections in children is unlikely to be clinically effective or to reduce health or societal costs. " 03/06/2015 - "Estimate the efficacy of amoxicillin for acute uncomplicated lower-respiratory-tract infection (LRTI) in primary care and demonstrate the use of randomisation-based efficacy estimators. " 01/01/1981 - "Prospective clinical trial on the efficacy of amoxycillin administered twice or four times daily in children with respiratory tract infections." 11/01/2016 - "To determine the effect of amoxicillin treatment on resistance selection in patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. " 06/30/2023 - "It would help program delivery if there was harmonization of dosing and formulation of amoxicillin across multiple clinical respiratory infections, considering the pharmacokinetics, common targets, drug resistance, availability, cost effectiveness, and ease of administration. "
4.	MacrolidesIBA 01/01/2004 - "Macrolides have broad antibacterial spectrum and proven efficacy in the management of respiratory tract infections. " 07/01/1996 - "Recently, low dose and long term use of Macrolides (Mls) has been reported to be effective in treatment of chronic lower respiratory tract infections, however its mechanism is still obscure. " 02/01/2002 - "pneumoniae isolates tested and may be useful for the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by macrolide-resistant S. " 06/01/1998 - "The pattern of micro-organisms and the efficacy of new macrolide in acute lower respiratory tract infections." 03/01/1995 - "Many respiratory infections are caused by obligate or facultative intracellular pathogens, which may be eradicated as a result of intracellular penetration and accumulation of macrolides, as shown in several models of phagocytic cells, and of intracellular antibacterial activities. "
5.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1992 - "The efficacy of azithromycin against lower respiratory tract infections has been proven in several clinical studies. " 10/01/1994 - "These results suggest that azithromycin may be useful in the treatment of respiratory infections caused by intracellular pathogens, including chlamydia because of its excellent accumulation within host cells." 01/01/2007 - "Efficacy of azithromycin administration in prevention of respiratory tract infection after bronchoscopic biopsy: a randomized, controlled trial." 09/01/1996 - "Azithromycin was given to 55 cases of lower respiratory tract infections in the doses of 500 mg on day 1, followed by 250 mg on days 2-5. It produced bacteriological cure in 70.8% patients and clinical cure or improvement in 69.09% of patients. " 09/01/1996 - "Evaluation of safety and efficacy of azithromycin in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI)"
6.	Vitamin D FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2022 - "Despite between-study heterogeneity was high for most outcomes and publication bias may have led to an effect size overestimation of incidence count data, vitamin D supplementation could be beneficial in improving resistance to overall respiratory infections, particularly when administered on a daily basis." 01/01/2017 - "Vitamin D, acting through this receptor, may be important in protection against respiratory infections. " 03/31/2017 - "Vitamin D supplementation effective in preventing acute respiratory tract infections." 11/01/2023 - "Vitamin D possesses immunomodulatory qualities and is protective against respiratory infections. " 01/01/2021 - "Vitamin D serves functions in bone health and has been recently reported to exert protective effects against respiratory infections. "
7.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1999 - "This study indicates that intravenous ciprofloxacin is useful in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections." 12/01/2012 - "Results indicate that the in vitro TSI air interface Calu-3 model is capable of evaluating the fate of nebulised liposomal nanoparticle formulations and support the potential for inhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin to provide a promising treatment for respiratory infections." 10/01/1989 - "We conclude that ciprofloxacin is safe and effective at a dosage of 200 mg administered intravenously every 12 hours for nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae or Haemophilus species. " 04/27/1987 - "Ciprofloxacin may be a very useful agent for the treatment of respiratory infections." 11/30/1989 - "This study determined the efficacy of intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment of institutionalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections. "
8.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 01/01/2019 - "Digital PCR offers an effective method to monitor the efficacy of antiviral treatment for respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised hosts." 12/09/2021 - "Thus, eTIP1 is a safe and effective broad-spectrum antiviral generating short- and long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in animal models." 08/13/2019 - "Because RG exhibits the ability to increase host protection against viral respiratory infections, we investigated the antiviral effects of BG. " 01/01/2019 - "Innate antiviral factors in saliva play a role in protection against respiratory infections. " 06/28/2022 - "To identify and document medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners (THPs) for treatment of respiratory infections and muco-cutaneous lesions in order to study their antiviral activity including identification of active components and elucidation of mode of antiviral activity. "
9.	FluoroquinolonesIBA 08/01/2019 - "The rate of fluoroquinolone-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract and respiratory tract infections improved during the period examined from 41.8-67.0% to 91.2-94.2%, and from 78.9-88.5% to 90.1-94.6%, respectively. " 04/01/2003 - "The results from this pharmacodynamic study suggest that these fluoroquinolones would have prolonged killing activity against these organisms in vivo and may have clinical utility in the treatment of mixed aerobic-anaerobic respiratory tract infections." 01/01/2023 - "Generally, there is a viral upper respiratory tract infection or systemic fluoroquinolone usage before BAIT. " 10/01/2018 - "The prevalence of fluoroquinolone prescribing for the treatment of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) appeared to fall with time in all countries and for UTI in France and UK only. " 01/01/2017 - "Although results are variable, the use of fluoroquinolones in patients with respiratory infections seems to delay the diagnosis of TB by nearly two weeks. "
10.	Ofloxacin (Ofloxacine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1987 - "In 535 cases with lower respiratory infections, ofloxacin was effective in 78.1%. " 01/01/1992 - "Our data indicate that ofloxacin is effective and safe as specific and empiric treatment for many lower respiratory tract infections." 01/01/1991 - "We conclude that ofloxacin is a safe and effective drug in oral and parenteral forms for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections." 11/01/1990 - "We conclude that ofloxacin in both oral and parenteral forms is an effective and safe drug in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections." 09/01/1988 - "It was concluded from these results that ofloxacin was both safe and effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/2021 - "But a new class of therapy-the CFTR modulators, which treat the basic defect and decrease the complications of CF, leads to significantly improved pulmonary function, decreased respiratory infections and improved nutrition. " 06/01/1984 - "subtilis spore therapy significantly reduced the frequency of respiratory tract infections in the group of treated children. " 04/01/1999 - "The use of biotechnology therapy is always more cost effective in the respiratory tract infection population. " 01/01/2022 - "Given that this therapy is effective for approximately 90% of people with CF, the impact on respiratory infections and antimicrobial use may be substantial." 10/01/1994 - "Thus it has been concluded that FF therapy is clinically very useful when used as an empirical therapy in the treatment of respiratory tract infections."
2.	Oral Administration 01/01/2014 - "Oral administration of the leaves of this plant is effective in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, liver toxicity and a variety of other ailments. " 01/01/1990 - "[Oral administration of "Infectvac" for prevention of acute respiratory tract infections]." 01/01/2022 - "Oral administration of OM-85, a standardized lysate of human airways bacteria, is widely used empirically to prevent respiratory infections and a clinical trial is testing its ability to prevent asthma in high-risk children. " 01/01/2020 - "Effective, legal and convenient alternatives to HP-CIAs are also lacking for managing common infections in cats, for which oral administration is difficult, Rhodococcus equi infections in horses, some enteric and respiratory infections in poultry and MDR infections in all companion animal species. " 01/01/1988 - "This increase in the number of pulmonary macrophages and the stimulation of their phagocytic function might explain the protective effect afforded by the oral administration of Biostim against respiratory infections in patients with chronic bronchitis."
3.	Immunotherapy 10/01/2023 - "Bacterial immunotherapy is highly effective in reducing recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a prospective observational study." 10/01/2023 - "Whilst immunotherapy is an appealing option as it could reduce the burden of recurrent pediatric respiratory tract infections (RTI), there is limited evidence on its effectiveness and more research was requested in order to better understand this therapeutic modality. " 01/01/2022 - "Symptoms of respiratory tract infections occurred equally frequent in IBD patients with immunotherapies as compared to those without. " 09/13/2021 - "Therefore, in this review we explore the use of multiple cellular immunotherapies in treating viral respiratory infections, along with investigating several routes of administration with an emphasis on inhaled immunotherapies." 01/01/2021 - "MV130 is a mucosal immunotherapy, based on a mixture of whole heat-inactivated bacteria, that has shown clinical efficacy against recurrent viral respiratory infections. "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/01/1992 - "These results indicate that the combination antimicrobial chemotherapy of ASPC and CAZ is effective against intractable respiratory tract infections." 10/01/2021 - "Novel approach towards antimicrobial chemotherapy optimization in lower respiratory tract infections in children: An observational study." 06/02/2021 - "Due to their past medical history of repeated respiratory tract infections and the marked chemotherapy-associated toxicity and infectious comorbidity, we suspected that the patient also suffered from an inherited immune deficiency disorder. " 01/10/2021 - "[Pharmacotherapy for acute respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses: current possibilities]." 10/01/2020 - "How does one choose the appropriate pharmacotherapy for children with lower respiratory tract infections?"
5.	Home Nursing (Nursing, Home) 01/01/2018 - "Our study aims to gain a better understanding of the transmission of nursing home-acquired viral respiratory infections in non-epidemic settings. " 11/04/2016 - "The purpose of the present study was to assess and compare the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in nursing home (NH) residents and staff, to identify viruses involved in ARI and to correlate viral etiology with clinical manifestations of ARI. " 09/01/2008 - "We present a systematic approach to pool individual subject data from observational studies that addresses differences in research design, illustrating the approach with two prospective observational studies on treatment and outcomes of lower respiratory tract infection in US and Dutch nursing home residents. " 02/01/2006 - "Studies of respiratory tract infection in nursing home residents: what are we learning?" 11/21/2001 - "Predicting mortality in nursing home residents with lower respiratory tract infection: The Missouri LRI Study."