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Respiratory Sounds (Crackle)

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Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.

Also Known As:

Crackle; Rale; Crackles; Rales; Stridor; Lung Sounds; Wheezing; Rhonchus; Rhonchi; Lung Sound; Breathing Sounds; Breathing Sound; Pleural Rubs; Respiratory Sound; Rub, Pleural; Sound, Breathing; Sound, Lung; Sound, Respiratory; Sounds, Breathing; Sounds, Lung; Stridors; Wheezings; Pleural Rub

Networked: 2859 relevant articles (191 outcomes, 389 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Asthma (Bronchial Asthma)
2.	Cough
3.	Heart Failure
4.	Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath)
5.	Infection

Experts

1.	Ruuskanen, Olli: 16 articles (03/2015 - 09/2002)
2.	Jartti, Tuomas: 16 articles (03/2015 - 09/2002)
3.	Korppi, Matti: 16 articles (01/2015 - 04/2002)
4.	de Jongste, Johan C: 15 articles (09/2015 - 09/2009)
5.	Lemanske, Robert F: 14 articles (09/2015 - 02/2002)
6.	Gern, James E: 13 articles (08/2015 - 03/2004)
7.	Bacharier, Leonard B: 12 articles (09/2015 - 04/2007)
8.	Vuorinen, Tytti: 11 articles (03/2015 - 06/2006)
9.	Martinez, Fernando D: 11 articles (05/2014 - 01/2004)
10.	Lehtinen, Pasi: 10 articles (03/2015 - 06/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Respiratory Sounds:

1.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 05/03/2014 - "Daily inhaled corticosteroids seem to be the most effective therapy for recurrent wheezing in trials of children with interim symptoms or atopy; intermittent high-dose inhaled corticosteroids are effective in moderate-to-severe viral-induced wheezing without interim symptoms. " 01/01/2009 - "Using corticosteroids to prevent (or treat) stridor after extubation has not proven effective for neonates or children. " 01/01/2008 - "Using corticosteroids to prevent (or treat) stridor after extubation has not proven effective for neonates, children or adults. " 07/01/2010 - "He had a significant reduction in stridor within 24 hours and was weaned off corticosteroids. " 01/01/2009 - "In adults, multiple doses of corticosteroids begun 12-24 hours prior to extubation do appear beneficial for patients with a high likelihood of post extubation stridor."
2.	Spironolactone (Aldactone)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2001 - "The RALES study showed that small doses of spironolactone also improved the prognosis on this disease. " 02/01/2000 - "During the last few years, the RALES study (Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study) was organized to explore the efficacy of combination therapy with spironolactone and ACE inhibitor in patients with CHF, class III or IV NYHA. " 12/01/2012 - "To discuss methods for correcting the bias in observed effect sizes, confidence intervals, and p-values for trials stopped early and to show the extent to which such correction would have modified the conclusions of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES). " 11/13/2012 - "We used data from the RALES (Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study) in 1,658 patients with New York Heart Association functional class III or IV HF and an ejection fraction <35%. " 01/01/2010 - "Rates of prescribing for spironolactone, hospital admissions for hyperkalaemia, and hyperkalaemia and renal function without admission, before and after the publication of results from the Randomised Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES). "
3.	Albuterol (Salbutamol)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1996 - "This study demonstrates that oral salbutamol is beneficial in the treatment of acute episodes of wheezing in infancy. " 01/01/1995 - "Patients in the salbutamol group exhibited significantly greater improvement in respiratory rate (P = 0.01), accessory muscle score (P < 0.001) and wheezing score (P < 0.001). " 02/01/1994 - "Both treatment groups had statistically significant improvement in mean wheezing score associated with albuterol therapy (P < .05 using Dunnett's t test). " 01/01/1994 - "Nebulized albuterol significantly improved the clinical score and reduced the respiratory rate of those with recurrent wheezing relative to those in the randomized groups. " 05/01/2005 - "This study aimed to compare the efficacy of salbutamol aerosol therapy given via these two devices in young wheezing children. "
4.	Bronchodilator Agents (Bronchodilators)IBA 02/01/2013 - "Generalized wheezing was the most common lung sign detected in 73% of cases (11 cases) and 36% (4 cases) of them responded well to bronchodilators. " 09/01/1992 - "Marked stridor and orthopnea were observed, and auscultation of the chest revealed widespread expiratory wheeze which was not relieved by bronchodilators administered intravenously. " 01/01/2006 - "The inclusion of studies that enrolled infants with recurrent wheezing may have biased the results in favor of bronchodilators. " 08/01/2015 - "Case 1: Wheezing Unresponsive to Bronchodilators in a 4-month-old Boy." 04/01/2012 - "We present an incidental diagnosis of thoracic GNB, discovered by a chest radiography during a recurrent wheezing unresponsive to bronchodilators. "
5.	OxygenIBA 01/01/2014 - "The frequency of wheezing exacerbations and hospitalizations was reduced (p = 0.0042 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and oxygen saturation improved (p = 0.0002) in the pulse therapy-treated patients. " 08/15/2006 - "In all cases, NPPV eliminated nocturnal stridor and oxygen desaturation during natural sleep. " 03/01/1998 - "Primary outcome measures included improvement in oxygen saturation (SaO2) during hospitalization and survival analysis to assess the time required to reach preestablished discharge criteria on three measures: SaO2, accessory muscle use, and wheezing. " 05/01/2007 - "The primary outcome was the time from study entry to resolution of respiratory distress, determined by a clinical score derived from the respiratory rate, occurrence of wheezing, chest retraction, and oxygen saturation. " 12/01/1995 - "The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between oxygen saturation (Sao2) and traditional clinical assessment measures in infants and young children presenting as outpatients with acute wheezing. "
6.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2013 - "In this 7-yr follow-up, risk factors for recurrent wheezing were analysed, and then, the efficacy of prednisolone was evaluated overall and in pre-specified subgroups post-hoc. " 06/01/2007 - "To determine whether prednisolone is effective in rhinovirus- or enterovirus-induced recurrent wheezing, we conducted a controlled trial comparing oral prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day in three divided doses for 3 days) with placebo in hospitalized wheezing children and studied post hoc virus-specific efficacy in early wheezing (<3 episodes, reported elsewhere) and in recurrent wheezing (>or=3 episodes). " 06/01/2006 - "We sought to determine whether prednisolone is effective in rhinovirus-induced early wheezing. " 05/01/2013 - "All 111 hospitalized wheezing children (median age, 12 months) were initially participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial on the efficacy of oral prednisolone. " 03/01/2015 - "Short- and long-term efficacy of prednisolone for first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode."
7.	AldosteroneIBA 06/01/2006 - "The RALES and EPHESUS studies have shown that this aldosterone "escape" or "breakthrough" is an important factor, because it is a determinant of outcome in HF patients. " 03/01/2004 - "Recently published studies (RALES, EPHESUS) convincingly support the concept of detrimental cardiovascular aldosterone actions even during chronic ACE-inhibition. " 06/01/2000 - "[Anti-aldosterone: the evidence of the RALES study]." 12/01/2003 - "In this review, the two major outcome studies (RALES, EPHESUS) are discussed in the context of the new biology of aldosterone action. " 05/01/1998 - "The exact role of aldosterone is currently being evaluated in the RALES programme."
8.	Budesonide (Pulmicort)FDA LinkGeneric 09/15/1990 - "Budesonide significantly improved symptom scores of wheezing, sleep disturbance, and patient happiness. " 03/01/1992 - "Our findings indicate that budesonide given in this way is an effective treatment for infants who may need prophylaxis for their wheezing." 01/01/2010 - "The aim of the study was to compare the response of inhaled budesonide in atopic versus non-atopic infants/preschoolers with recurrent wheezing (more than three episodes in the last year or one episode per month in the last three months). " 12/01/1993 - "The short-term linear growth rate of the lower leg in toddlers was measured and evaluated in order to study the possible effect of inhaled budesonide on this factor in toddlers with mild recurrent wheezing. " 09/15/1990 - "77 children, aged 11 to 36 months (mean 24) with moderately severe recurrent wheezing, were treated with budesonide pressurised aerosol 400 micrograms twice daily or placebo for 12 weeks in a double-blind, parallel-group trial. "
9.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2009 - "One of these studies was on high-risk patients treated with multiple doses of steroids around the time of extubation, and this study showed a significant reduction in stridor. " 01/01/2009 - "The efficacy of steroids to prevent stridor and reintubation was only observed in a high-risk population, as identified by the cuff-leak test and when it was administered at least four hours before extubation. " 03/01/2014 - "The findings from this study confirm that inhaled steroids are not effective in preventing recurrence of viral wheezing. " 01/01/2009 - "Effects of steroids on reintubation and post-extubation stridor in adults: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials." 01/01/2007 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of steroids on postextubation stridor based on the clinical response and the cuff leak test. "
10.	montelukast (Singulair)FDA Link 01/01/2014 - "Clinical efficacy of montelukast sodium in treating infantile wheezing." 03/01/2014 - "Three trials showed no effects of montelukast on reducing the incidence of recurrent wheezing risk ratios (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.55-1.12, p = 0.17), while two trials found that montelukast did reduce the frequency of recurrent wheezing and another two trials demonstrated no effects of montelukast on symptom-free days. " 01/01/2014 - "The efficacy and safety of a single-dose of Montelukast sodium for treating virus-related infantile wheezing are investigated in this study. " 03/01/2013 - "We randomised 113, 6-24-month-old children with recurrent wheezing to receive either placebo or montelukast daily for an 8-week period. " 12/01/2000 - "Use of montelukast in the treatment of early childhood wheezing from clinical experience with three cases."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Nebulizers and Vaporizers (Inhaler) 10/01/1999 - "Before study entry, the boy was experiencing more breakthrough wheezing episodes at night than the parents were used to, resulting in an increase in nighttime awakenings that required nebulizer therapy. " 07/01/2006 - "Of the 500 respondents participating in the telephone interview, nearly one third (31.6%) named an inhaled corticosteroid or bronchodilator and inhaled corticosteroid combination as the inhaler used when wheezing, coughing, or short of breath. " 01/01/2003 - "From a convenience sample of wheezing children aged 2 to 24 months, 85 patients were enrolled in the nebulizer group and 83 in the spacer group. " 03/01/2000 - "Dispensing home nebulizers for acute wheezing from the hospital is cost-effective." 01/01/2000 - "Girls were more likely to be allowed to carry their inhalers at school and diagnosed asthmatic girls had a higher prevalence of wheezing in the last year (47%) compared with diagnosed asthmatic boys (35%). "
2.	Tracheostomy 02/01/2005 - "Stridor and respiratory obstruction were relieved and a long term tracheostomy avoided. " 07/01/1992 - "Foals 2 and 3 improved with treatment, foal 4's condition was static, and foal 1 required a tracheostomy and laryngeal surgery to manage its upper airway stridor." 02/01/2015 - "At last follow up he was 3 years 7 months old, still requiring assisted ventilation via tracheostomy, having recurrent episodes of wheezing and had mild global developmental delay. " 04/01/2014 - "The group with laryngopharynx is a cohort of eight patients in whom NACT was given to prevent tracheostomy, these patients had presented with early stridor (common terminology criteria for adverse events Version 4.02). " 01/01/2014 - "The need for tracheostomy due to worsening stridor was imminent for all of them. "
3.	Metered Dose Inhalers (Metered Dose Inhaler) 05/01/2012 - "Nebulizers versus pressurized metered-dose inhalers in preschool children with wheezing." 09/01/2011 - "To evaluate how the change from drug nebulizers to metered dose inhalers (MDI) with spacers succeeded and influenced the hospitalization rate and the length of the emergency room (ER) and hospital stay in wheezing preschool-aged children. " 09/01/2003 - "[Metered-dose inhalers with home-made spacers versus nebulizers to treat moderate wheezing attacks in children]." 01/01/2003 - "Our data suggest that metered-dose inhalers with spacers may be as efficacious as nebulizers for the emergency department treatment of wheezing in children aged 2 years or younger." 01/01/2003 - "Nebulizers vs metered-dose inhalers with spacers for bronchodilator therapy to treat wheezing in children aged 2 to 24 months in a pediatric emergency department."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2006 - "Recent studies on the effect of pharmacotherapy in wheezing infants have tried to define a more homogeneous phenotype as well as make a selection of patients that are likely to respond to the studied drug. " 01/01/2012 - "In all patients receiving immediate chemotherapy, clinical stridor resolved within 48 hours. " 01/01/2012 - "Eight out of 9 patient received chemotherapy within 12 hours of presentation with stridor. " 05/01/2007 - "Anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy for wheezing in preschool children." 03/01/1992 - "During follow-up (3 to 36 months), compliance and tolerance were excellent; excluding 2 patients with reactive airway disease who developed wheezing, only 3 (12%) of 24 had side effects necessitating a change in drug therapy. "
5.	Stethoscopes 11/01/2014 - "This study showed that practitioners would be better helped in hearing cardiac and respiratory sounds with an electronically amplified stethoscope than with a traditional one during air medical transport in a medically configured Falcon 50 aircraft." 01/01/2015 - "Electronic stethoscopes and computerised analyses of respiratory sounds (CARS) techniques provide an opportunity for substantial improvement in the management of respiratory diseases. " 01/01/2015 - "This study has developed a digital stethoscope to help physicians overcome these problems when diagnosing abnormal lung sounds. " 11/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a traditional stethoscope versus an electronically amplified one (expected to reduce background and ambient noise) to assess heart and respiratory sounds during medical transport. " 03/01/2014 - "An ongoing study is exploring correlations between lung sounds on auscultation obtained using electronic stethoscopes and high-resolution computed tomography patterns. "