Insulin Receptor

A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The receptor contains an intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE domain that is located within the beta subunit. Activation of the receptor by INSULIN results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of GLUCOSE into the liver, muscle, and ADIPOSE TISSUE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2700 relevant articles (62 outcomes, 254 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Kahn, C Ronald: 31 articles (06/2015 - 07/2002)
2.	Accili, Domenico: 17 articles (05/2013 - 01/2003)
3.	Kulkarni, Rohit N: 14 articles (11/2014 - 04/2002)
4.	Belfiore, Antonino: 12 articles (01/2013 - 01/2002)
5.	Brüning, Jens C: 10 articles (03/2015 - 03/2004)
6.	Vigneri, Riccardo: 10 articles (11/2014 - 01/2002)
7.	Pollak, Michael: 10 articles (09/2012 - 12/2007)
8.	Kahn, C R: 10 articles (03/2004 - 01/2000)
9.	Goldfine, Ira D: 9 articles (09/2015 - 04/2002)
10.	Semple, Robert K: 9 articles (05/2015 - 06/2007)

Related Diseases

1.	Insulin Resistance 07/01/1986 - "In some patients with genetic forms of extreme insulin resistance, there is a marked decrease in the number of insulin receptors on the cell surface. " 10/01/2007 - "Using two rat models of insulin resistance, Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in the expression of insulin receptor subunits in the kidney compared to lean control rats. " 04/25/2002 - "Inhibitors of PTP1B would therefore have the potential of prolonging the phosphorylated (activated) state of the insulin receptor and are anticipated to be a novel treatment of the insulin resistance characteristic of type 2 diabetes. " 11/01/2013 - "Animal studies have suggested that SH2B1 is a physiological enhancer of the insulin receptor and humans with rare deletions or mutations at SH2B1 are obese with a disproportionately high insulin resistance. " 07/01/2009 - "In this study, we sought to identify mutations in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene, which can cause insulin resistance in type II diabetic patients. "
2.	Obesity 03/01/2011 - "We used mice heterozygous for a null allele of the insulin receptor (Insr) to study the contributions of maternal IR to offspring phenotype without the potential confound of obesity per se, and how maternal consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) may, independently and interactively, affect progeny. " 01/01/1976 - "A study of insulin receptors in the experimental, genetic or acquired obesity and in human obesity, is very instructive. " 01/01/1976 - "The study of insulin receptors has permitted important progress in the knowledge of various pathological conditions, such as, diabetes, obesity. " 01/01/2015 - "Defective hepatic insulin receptor (IR) signalling is a pathogenic manifestation of metabolic disorders including obesity and diabetes. " 01/01/2015 - "However, the relationship between ERS and insulin receptor signaling in the brain during obesity remains unclear. "
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 06/15/2010 - "Despite mounting evidence that the highly homologous insulin receptor (IR) can also convey protumorigenic signals, its direct role in cancer progression has not been genetically defined in vivo, and it remains unclear whether such a role for IR signaling could compromise the efficacy of selective IGF-1R targeting strategies. " 05/08/2014 - "(18)F-4b was also more stable than (125)I-insulin in mouse plasma with 50% remaining intact after 30 min. A biodistribution study in normal mice showed initial uptake of the tracer in the kidneys, liver, and gall bladder but rapid clearance via the urine/bladder which was also observed in murine models bearing insulin receptor positive tumors. " 10/01/2008 - "In this study we assessed the role of the IGF/insulin receptors in cervical cancer cell lines with different HPV status, SiHa (HPV positive), and C33a (HPV negative). " 05/15/2006 - "Various studies have shown that the insulin receptor (IR) is increased in most human breast cancers, and both ligand-dependent malignant transformation and increased cell growth occur in cultured breast cells overexpressing the IR. " 11/01/1990 - "These studies indicate, therefore, that the insulin receptor content is increased in breast cancers and raise the possibility that the insulin receptor may have a role in the biology of these tumors."
4.	Hyperinsulinism (Hyperinsulinemia) 09/01/1982 - "Fetal tissues exposed to hyperinsulinemia in utero have significantly greater numbers of insulin receptors than do those of controls. " 01/01/2014 - "Hyperinsulinemia is Associated with Increased Soluble Insulin Receptors Release from Hepatocytes." 05/22/2007 - "In the first model, we used liver-specific insulin receptor knockout (LIRKO) mice, which exhibit hyperinsulinemia without developing diabetes due to a compensatory increase in beta-cell mass. " 04/01/2000 - "On the genetic background of B6 mice, the insulin receptor gene mutation causes mild hyperinsulinemia. " 03/01/1998 - "The PA tissue growth seen in such patients is likely to result from severe in vivo hyperinsulinemia activating intact mitogenic signaling pathways emanating from the insulin receptor."
5.	Diabetes Mellitus 07/11/2003 - "In addition, the structural studies suggest a possible target site for small molecule activators of the insulin receptor, with potential use in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." 06/01/1995 - "Analysis of the insulin receptor gene in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by denaturing gradient gel blots: a clinical research center study." 01/01/1989 - "Studies on erythrocyte insulin receptors were performed in a family with hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth) with superimposed type I diabetes mellitus. " 05/01/1986 - "Studies of the human liver insulin receptor in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." 12/01/2015 - "Lack of association between the insulin receptor substrates-1 Gly972Arg polymorphism and type-2 diabetes mellitus among Saudis from Eastern Saudi Arabia."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Insulin (Novolin)
2.	Glucose (Dextrose)
3.	Antibodies
4.	Phosphotransferases (Kinase)
5.	Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (Tyrosine Kinase)
6.	Tyrosine (L-Tyrosine)
7.	Adiponectin
8.	3- (8- amino- 1- (2- phenylquinolin- 7- yl)imidazo(1,5- a)pyrazin- 3- yl)- 1- methylcyclobutanol
9.	Autoantibodies
10.	Metformin (Glucophage)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass)
2.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
3.	Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet (Low Carbohydrate Diet)
4.	Caloric Restriction
5.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis)