Rabies (Hydrophobia)

Acute VIRAL CNS INFECTION affecting mammals, including humans. It is caused by RABIES VIRUS and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2249 relevant articles (132 outcomes, 229 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Vaccinia
3.	Bites and Stings (Sting)
4.	Hepatitis
5.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)

Experts

1.	Rupprecht, Charles E: 56 articles (09/2014 - 06/2002)
2.	Fooks, Anthony R: 24 articles (11/2014 - 12/2002)
3.	Wilde, Henry: 23 articles (04/2012 - 02/2002)
4.	Hemachudha, Thiravat: 22 articles (01/2013 - 02/2002)
5.	Madhusudana, S N: 20 articles (01/2015 - 05/2001)
6.	Rupprecht, C E: 19 articles (06/2014 - 01/2000)
7.	Dietzschold, Bernhard: 18 articles (07/2009 - 04/2002)
8.	Tang, Qing: 17 articles (01/2014 - 11/2008)
9.	Khawplod, Pakamatz: 17 articles (03/2013 - 02/2002)
10.	Cliquet, F: 16 articles (02/2013 - 08/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Rabies:

1.	Rabies Vaccines (Rabies Vaccine)FDA Link 01/01/2010 - "The worldwide incidence of rabies and the inability of currently used vaccination strategies to provide highly potent and cost-effective therapy indicate the need for an improved rabies vaccine. " 01/01/1997 - "The breakthrough in production of highly efficacious human and animal rabies vaccines has led to successful rabies control in developed countries, but rabies is still a major health problem in many developing countries. " 03/01/1995 - "We evaluated the efficacy of purified duck embryo rabies vaccine (Lyssavac-N) under the above regimen conditions; although purified duck embryo rabies vaccine is highly immunogenic when given intramuscularly, it differs significantly from the other rabies vaccination products in that it is not a solution, but rather, a suspension with an added preservative. " 01/01/2009 - "The rabies leaflets were very effective in informing the people on how to deal with rabid animals, the earliest schedule for anti-rabies vaccine (ARV), and repeat vaccination. " 01/01/2007 - "Aerial delivery of oral rabies vaccine (ORV) baits has proven effective in large-scale efforts to immunize wildlife against rabies, and in North America this strategy currently is being used to immunize foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus and Vulpes vulpes), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and coyotes (Canis latrans). "
2.	VaccinesIBA 10/01/2013 - "Accurate risk assessments of potential human exposures and support for decentralized laboratory capacity will be essential to ensure the most effective utilization of vaccines and RIG until canine rabies has been eliminated. " 09/01/2013 - "Pre-exposure vaccination using cell culture vaccines is a safe and effective method of preventing rabies among children in these highly endemic regions. " 09/01/2008 - "In addition to immediate post-exposure prophylaxis measures, including active and passive immunization, pre-exposure vaccination using tissue culture vaccines is a safe and effective but highly underutilized method of preventing rabies in humans living or working in areas at risk. " 01/01/1988 - "Domestic animals vaccination with live modified vaccines in zones with sylvatic rabies has proved to be highly effective in limiting the cases, recorded only in non-vaccinated animals." 02/02/2015 - "Using a recombinant rabies (RABV) vaccine platform, we have developed several safe and effective vaccines. "
3.	Glycoproteins (Glycoprotein)IBA 01/05/2012 - "A replication competent recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies glycoprotein (AdRG1.3) has shown the most promising results in laboratory trials. " 05/01/2008 - "We concluded that a single recombinant poxvirus-vectored vaccine including MOKV and RABV glycoprotein genes, should be a major addition to available rabies biologics and should offer broad protection against all of the lyssaviruses, except WCBV." 11/01/1987 - "A vaccine prepared from a sequentially selected, neutralization-resistant, multiple-variant virus conferred protection against challenge with the parental strain, a result indicating that antigenic variation of the glycoprotein may not be the sole factor in determining the relative efficacy of rabies prophylaxis. " 04/02/2002 - "The objective of this study was to determine if a replication defective recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (Adrab.gp) given through a non-invasive vaccination route (by topical application) onto the skin (NIVS) could elicit an immune response and/or protection against rabies. " 02/01/1990 - "Protection against rabies in mice by a cytotoxic T cell clone recognizing the glycoprotein of rabies virus."
4.	Neutralizing AntibodiesIBA 01/01/1990 - "This recombinant, when administered by either the parenteral or oronasal route, was highly effective in eliciting good levels of rabies-neutralizing antibodies in the sera of dogs and mice. " 07/01/2015 - "Serial rising rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test helped confirm the diagnosis of rabies. " 01/01/2014 - "The rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers was assessed by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test and all the vaccinees had titers ≥0.5 IU per mL on day 14 which is considered as adequate for protection against rabies. " 06/06/2012 - "Evaluation of an improved rapid neutralizing antibody detection test (RAPINA) for qualitative and semiquantitative detection of rabies neutralizing antibody in humans and dogs." 05/01/2002 - "The determination of the rabies neutralizing antibody (VNA) response after immunization against rabies is an acceptable index of the efficacy of a vaccine and a successful treatment. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 07/01/2003 - "The presently recommended tests for estimation of rabies neutralising antibodies like Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition test (RFFIT) and Mouse Neutralisation test (MNT) are laborious, time consuming and not cost-effective for routine use. " 01/01/2010 - "Rabies-specific antibodies: measuring surrogates of protection against a fatal disease." 03/15/2006 - "Anti-rabies antibodies are key to protection against lethal rabies. " 08/01/2000 - "The assessment of the efficacy of rabies oral vaccination campaigns requires the titration of specific antibodies in the target species. " 01/01/2015 - "In the patient bitten by a wolf cornea imprints studies using the method of fluorescent antibodies (MFA) showed rabies-positive result 6 days before the patient's death. "
6.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 07/01/1991 - "Purified equine rabies immune globulins account for approximately 10% of the cost of human products administered to exposed individuals and have been shown to be safe and effective. " 05/15/2002 - "This offered an opportunity to study efficacy of a human type post-exposure vaccine regimen with and without rabies immunoglobulin. " 12/12/2003 - "Efficacy of rabies immunoglobulins in an experimental post-exposure prophylaxis rodent model." 09/01/1993 - "It could improve efficacy of rabies vaccination, used either alone or in conjunction with human rabies immune globulins or monoclonal antibody cocktail to supplement their lack of crossreactivity to European bat lyssavirus 1." 12/01/2014 - "The subjects received conventional PrEP with CPRV or PVRV in PrEP study or received intradermal PEP with CPRV or PVRV and rabies immunoglobulin in PEP study. "
7.	AntigensIBA 07/04/1980 - "The method allows better interpretation of the anatomic localization of rabies antigen and will be helpful in studies of the pathogenesis of rabies. " 01/01/2015 - "The study groups included healthy rabies antigen naive controls (n=10), individuals who received intradermal primary (n=10) or booster pre-exposure vaccination (n=20) and subjects who received postexposure rabies vaccination either by intradermal (n=18) or intramuscular (n=20) routes. " 01/01/2014 - "The result of this study indicates that rabies antigen is present among dogs slaughtered in Lagos State and may pose a threat to public health. " 01/01/2013 - "This study has established the presence of rabies antigen in apparently healthy dogs in the study area. " 01/01/2013 - "The study was carried out in eight dogs slaughtering outlets within four Local Government Areas of the State for the determination of rabies antigen in the saliva and brain of apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption. "
8.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 03/21/2001 - "Recent studies have shown DNA vaccinations to be highly effective in rabies pre-exposure experiments, but post-exposure protection has not been achieved. " 12/02/2008 - "These results demonstrate that replicon-based rabies DNA vaccine is effective in inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses and can be considered as effective vaccine against rabies." 03/26/2009 - "Rabies DNA vaccine: no impact of MHC class I and class II targeting sequences on immune response and protection against lethal challenge." 03/14/2005 - "Impact of plasmid supercoiling on the efficacy of a rabies DNA vaccine to protect cats." 04/01/2015 - "In this study, RVGP expressing construct was used in a comparative approach between Prime-Boost vaccination strategy and DNA vaccination and compared with the standard method of rabies vaccination. "
9.	Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)IBA 08/01/2012 - "These results indicated that adenoviral vector mediated siRNA delivery, in vitro in BHK-21 cells inhibited RV multiplication in vitro in BHK-21 cells; siRNA targeting RV L gene used in this study was comparatively more efficient in doing this than that targeting RV N gene used in this study; in vivo in mice inhibited RV multiplication in mice and imparted partial protection against lethal rabies and so it may have a potential to be used as an alternative antiviral approach against rabies, although further study is required to establish its efficacy for this purpose." 10/01/2013 - "These results indicated that AAV2 vector-mediated siRNA delivery in vitro in NA cells inhibited RABV multiplication, inhibited RABV multiplication in vivo in the mice brain and imparted partial protection against lethal rabies. " 09/01/2015 - "This finding suggests that the use of pre-designed siRNA alone may not be useful in rabies treatment." 11/01/2013 - "A decrease in the number of fluorescent foci in siRNA-treated cells and a reduction (86.8 %) in the release of RV into infected cell culture supernatant indicated the anti-rabies potential of siRNA. " 01/01/2012 - "This supported the hypothesis that RNAi, based on siRNA targeting RABV-N gene can prevent RABV infection and holds the potential of RNAi as an approach to prevent rabies infection."
10.	Tetracycline (Achromycin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2008 - "Rabies surveillance and the efficacy of oral vaccination were assessed by a follow-up of rabies incidence and bait consumption (tetracycline examination). " 04/01/2013 - "Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs have traditionally relied on tetracycline marking as an index to bait uptake. " 04/01/2013 - "Oral rabies vaccination variation in tetracycline biomarking among Ohio raccoons." 10/01/2012 - "The first European interlaboratory comparison of tetracycline and age determination with red fox (Vulpes vulpes) tooth samples was organized by the European Union Reference Laboratory for rabies. " 10/01/2012 - "First European interlaboratory comparison of tetracycline and age determination with red fox teeth following oral rabies vaccination programs."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 01/01/2015 - "Currently, the only approved intramuscular regimen for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against rabies in India is the Essen regimen, which consists of 5 injections administered over 5 separate days in a period of one month. " 12/01/2013 - "Rabies injections into lateral area 9/area 8B labeled only a small number of neurons in the MTL and the inferotemporal cortex. " 12/01/2013 - "In contrast, a majority of the labeled neurons were located in the inferotemporal cortex following rabies injections into ventral area 46 and lateral area 12. " 12/01/2013 - "Three days after rabies injections into dorsal area 46, a large number of labeled neurons were observed in the MTL, such as the hippocampal formation (including the entorhinal cortex), the perirhinal cortex, and the parahippocampal cortex. " 07/01/2013 - "After the rabies injections into the mouth region, another dense cluster of labeled neurons was seen in the orbitofrontal cortex (area 13). "
2.	Organ Transplantation 06/01/2006 - "Laboratory screening of potential donors for rabies prior to organ transplantation would be associated with logistical problems and serious consequences due to false-positive results. " 07/24/2013 - "Unlike the 2 previous clusters of rabies virus transmission through solid organ transplantation, there was a long incubation period in the recipient who developed rabies, and survival of 3 other recipients without pretransplant rabies vaccination. " 09/01/2011 - "[Rabies transmission through organ transplantation]." 05/01/2007 - "Organ transplantations and rabies transmission." 06/01/2006 - "Recent transmissions of rabies virus from organ-transplantation donors highlight the importance of clinical recognition of rabies. "
3.	Contraception (Birth Control) 04/01/2003 - "A predictive model of spread and control of rabies in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations was used to evaluate efficacy of culling, oral vaccination, and oral vaccination and fertility control (V + FC) as rabies control strategies. " 10/01/2010 - "Animal Birth Control (ABC) is a program by which stray dogs are sterilized and vaccinated against rabies with the aim of controlling both dog population size and rabies. " 09/01/2008 - "The effective control of rabies can be achieved through reduction of the stray dogs and stray livestock populations through implementation of animal birth control (ABC) programme and the proper induction of "herd immunity" by mass vaccination and awareness health programme. " 01/01/2006 - "Attempts to modify animal fertility (such as the encouragement of voluntary spay-neuter programmes or individual chemical contraception, and the extension of such actions to animals in the community) may provide ancillary support in line with other traditional methods of control of canine rabies. " 04/01/2003 - "Modeling control of rabies outbreaks in red fox populations to evaluate culling, vaccination, and vaccination combined with fertility control."
4.	Oral Administration 06/01/1989 - "Interaction between rabies infection and oral administration of vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus to foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." 01/01/1990 - "Oral administration of SAD-B19 and ERA/BHK-21 vaccines induced neither seroconversion nor significant protection against rabies challenge. " 01/01/2007 - "Rabies challenge of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) following oral administration of a live vaccinia-vectored rabies vaccine." 02/01/1975 - "Foxes developed serum neutralizing antibodies to rabies only after oral administration of an attenuated rabies vaccine, and not when a similar vaccine dose was introduced into the stomach. "
5.	Endoscopes 10/01/1992 - "In two different groups of five to six raccoons, each administered a single 1.0 ml dose of BPL-inactivated rabies virus vaccine (ERA strain) per os, at concentrations of 100 or 400 micrograms protein, only a single animal in each group demonstrated evidence of seroconversion within 4 wk. In contrast, instillation of a single dose (500 micrograms protein) of BPL-inactivated rabies virus vaccine (ERA strain), directly into the small intestine via fiberoptic endoscope, or ERA vaccine (800 micrograms protein) instillation to the buccal cavity by needle-less syringe, resulted in the production of rabies-specific VNA and protection against lethal rabies infection in three of six, and in four of six raccoons, respectively; all seven control raccoons succumbed to street virus challenge. "