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Quinine (Quinson)

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

Also Known As:

Quinson; Alphapharm Brand of Quinine Sulfate; Aventis Brand of Quinine Bisulfate; Biquinate; Fawns & McAllan Brand of Quinine Bisulfate; Fawns & McAllan Brand of Quinine Sulfate; Foy Brand of Quinine Sulfate; Hoechst Brand of Quinine Sulfate; Innotech Brand of Quinine Hydrochloride; Lafran Brand of Quinine Hydrochloride; Legatrim; Myoquin; Odan Brand of Quinine Sulfate; Plough Brand of Quinine Sulfate; Prosana Brand of Quinine Bisulfate; Quinamm; Quinbisan; Quinbisul; Quindan; Quinimax; Quinine Bisulfate; Quinine Hydrochloride; Quinine Lafran; Quinine Sulfate; Quinine Sulphate; Quinine-Odan; Quinoctal; Quinsul; Strema; Surquina; Bisulfate, Quinine; Hydrochloride, Quinine; Sulfate, Quinine; Sulphate, Quinine; Cinchonan-9-ol, 6'-methoxy-, (8alpha,9R)-

Networked: 1918 relevant articles (183 outcomes, 231 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Heterocyclic Compounds: 60

Experts

1.	White, Nicholas J: 27 articles (11/2014 - 03/2002)
2.	White, N J: 13 articles (05/2012 - 08/2000)
3.	Pradines, Bruno: 12 articles (01/2015 - 06/2009)
4.	Day, Nicholas P J: 12 articles (11/2014 - 06/2006)
5.	Rogier, Christophe: 10 articles (06/2014 - 03/2003)
6.	Dondorp, Arjen M: 10 articles (02/2014 - 07/2007)
7.	Looareesuwan, Sornchai: 10 articles (11/2006 - 03/2002)
8.	Briolant, Sébastien: 9 articles (01/2015 - 06/2009)
9.	Silamut, Kamolrat: 9 articles (01/2014 - 07/2003)
10.	Adam, I: 9 articles (04/2009 - 12/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Malaria 07/01/2009 - "Therefore, ACTs and not quinine should be used as second-line treatment, because these are well tolerated, highly efficacious, and have the advantage of reducing gametocyte carriage and consequently malaria transmissibility, particularly in areas of less intense transmission." 01/01/2000 - "Quinine by intramuscular or intrarectal injection has been found to be the best treatment for malaria in Niger, particularly in field health centres where the use of solutions can pose problems. " 03/01/1991 - "So, at the dosage of 25 mg/kg, quinine was found to be very effective in the Congo in 1989 against both pernicious and non pernicious malaria." 01/01/2014 - "In the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, a three day course of DHP simplified antimalarial treatment and had significant benefits over quinine-based regimens in reducing recurrent malaria and poor fetal outcome. " 06/15/2010 - "Even though quinine has shown to be effective in treatment of African children with uncomplicated malaria its high bitterness limited the paediatric use. "
2.	Falciparum Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum Malaria) 02/01/2006 - "Parenteral quinine is the most frequently used first line treatment for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the developed world. " 02/19/1983 - "Parenteral quinine is the most effective treatment for severe falciparum malaria. " 03/01/2002 - "We have earlier obtained good results in falciparum malaria by treating children with low doses of quinine for 7 days in Guinea-Bissau. " 06/01/1990 - "A safe and effective consecutive-infusion regimen for rapid quinine loading in severe falciparum malaria." 02/20/1971 - "Resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria cured by high quinine dosage."
3.	Infection 01/01/2013 - "Recurrent infections observed after the administration of an ACT can be successfully treated with an alternative ACT rather than with quinine. " 01/01/1982 - "A 7-day course of quinine was found to be uniformly effective, with an overall cure rate of 90% in these primary infections with comparatively low parasitaemia." 01/01/2013 - "Though several African countries continue to use quinine as the second line treatment for patients with recurrent infections, there is little information on its efficacy when used for rescue therapy. " 12/01/2007 - "It is interesting to note that the FC27 genotype was overrepresented in ASUM (68.2%) and was not recognized in fatal CM, while in mixed-clone infections, the clearance of IC1 after quinine treatment was faster than FC27 clearance. " 04/01/1989 - "To examine the clinical and parasitologic efficacy of quinine, we studied 34 children (7 months-13 years old) with severe or moderately severe Plasmodium falciparum infections. "
4.	Muscle Cramp (Cramp) 06/01/1995 - "Most patients consider quinine beneficial for their leg cramps, which is difficult to refute by scientific data. " 01/01/2015 - "Cramp duration was not significantly affected.A significantly greater number of people suffered minor adverse events on quinine than placebo (risk difference (RD) 3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0% to 6%), mainly gastrointestinal symptoms. " 01/01/2010 - "Cramp duration was not significantly affected.A significantly greater number of people suffered minor adverse events on quinine than placebo (risk difference +3%, 95% confidence intervals 0% to 6%), mainly gastrointestinal symptoms. " 01/07/1995 - "Treatment with quinine resulted in a significant reduction in the number of cramps for a four week period compared with placebo (8.83 fewer cramps; 95% confidence interval 4.16 to 13.49). " 05/01/1993 - "During the 2 weeks patients used quinine, there was no statistically significant reduction in mean leg cramp number (quinine 3.5 vs placebo 4.2, P = 0.48), mean leg cramp duration (quinine 152 seconds vs placebo 163 seconds, P = 0.89), or patient ratings of severity using a 1 (low) to 10 (high) scale (quinine = 4.2 vs placebo = 4.0, P = 0.83). "
5.	Parasitemia 09/01/1991 - "Initial parasitemias were eradicated by a curative treatment with quinine, a drug with a short elimination half-life, to minimize the effects of residual drug on reinfection. " 09/01/2005 - "The time to a 4-log reduction of the initial level of parasitemia (Ter) was related to the average quinine concentration from 0 to 72 h (Cav) as Ter = Tmin [1 + (C50/Cav)s], where sigmoidicity (s) is equal to 2, Tmin is the time to eradication at infinite Cav, and C50 is the value of Cav for which Ter is twice Tmin. " 09/01/2005 - "Quinine concentrations in plasma samples (five to nine per patient) were measured by liquid chromatography on days 1 to 3. Parasitemia was counted on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14. " 08/01/2005 - "The therapeutic response to quinine treatment was comparable between patients with (CS)CM and CM. In conclusion, uniquely in this setting, CM can be associated with sub-patent parasitemia; thus, a diagnostic tool more sensitive than microscopy is needed." 08/01/2005 - "Pregnant women participating in a longitudinal immuno-epidemiologic survey in Lambaréné, Gabon, and presenting with Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia at monthly blood smear examinations were offered treatment with oral 7-day quinine monotherapy according to national health guidelines. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	artesunate
2.	Chloroquine (Aralen)
3.	artemether
4.	Mefloquine (Lariam)
5.	artemisinine (artemisinin)
6.	sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar)
7.	Quinine (Quinson)
8.	Tetracycline (Achromycin)
9.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)
10.	Amodiaquine (Camoquin)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
3.	Intramuscular Injections
4.	Intraventricular Infusions
5.	Retreatment