Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2912 relevant articles (175 outcomes, 315 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Cicatrix (Scar)
2.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)
3.	Infection
4.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
5.	Inflammation

Experts

1.	Romero, Roberto: 11 articles (01/2015 - 04/2005)
2.	Chaiworapongsa, Tinnakorn: 10 articles (01/2015 - 04/2005)
3.	Sharifian, Mostafa: 9 articles (11/2015 - 01/2008)
4.	Hassan, Sonia S: 9 articles (01/2015 - 10/2007)
5.	Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Evangelos J: 8 articles (09/2015 - 01/2004)
6.	Montini, Giovanni: 8 articles (03/2015 - 03/2007)
7.	Kusanovic, Juan Pedro: 8 articles (10/2010 - 10/2007)
8.	Giamarellou, Helen: 7 articles (11/2015 - 01/2004)
9.	Dalirani, Reza: 7 articles (09/2015 - 09/2008)
10.	Mazaki-Tovi, Shali: 7 articles (10/2010 - 10/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pyelonephritis:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 11/01/2007 - "Some studies have shown that ambulatory treatment with oral antibiotics is safe and effective in patients with pyelonephritis with good general status and with no history of uropathy. " 01/01/2001 - "Two patients developed one attack of pyelonephritis and were treated successfully with antibiotics. " 01/01/2008 - "Oral antibiotics are effective for pyelonephritis in children." 08/25/2007 - "Treatment with oral antibiotics is as effective as parenteral then oral treatment in the management of the first episode of clinical pyelonephritis in children. " 07/01/1990 - "These data suggest that in nonbacteremic patients, oral antibiotics are both safe and effective for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy."
2.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2000 - "Is a 7-day course of ciprofloxacin effective in the treatment of uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women?" 08/04/2012 - "We compared the efficacy of ciprofloxacin for 7 days and 14 days in women with community-acquired acute pyelonephritis. " 12/01/2001 - "Efficacy of a 14-day course of oral ciprofloxacin therapy for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis." 02/01/2013 - "Re: ciprofloxacin for 7 days versus 14 days in women with acute pyelonephritis: a randomised, open-label and double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial." 08/04/2012 - "Ciprofloxacin for 7 days versus 14 days in women with acute pyelonephritis: a randomised, open-label and double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial."
3.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2014 - "The purposes of this study were to investigate the clinical efficacy of gentamicin as an initial empirical antimicrobial agent and to evaluate the effects of gentamicin resistance on clinical outcomes in women with complicated non-obstructive acute pyelonephritis (APN). " 03/01/2003 - "To compare the efficacy of ODD of gentamicin with that of classical thrice-daily (t.i.d.) administration in infants with acute pyelonephritis. " 08/01/2013 - "The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of gentamicin as an initial empirical antimicrobial agent and to determine the effects of gentamicin resistance on clinical outcomes in women with uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis (APN). " 05/01/1999 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate temporal variations in the effectiveness and renal toxicity of gentamicin in an experimental model of pyelonephritis in rats. " 09/01/1996 - "This randomized, controlled study compared a single large i.v. dose (10 mg/kg) of gentamicin (S) with a standard multiple dose regimen (M) of gentamicin (2.5 mg/kg i.v. stat and then computer generated divided doses aiming for peak and trough concentrations of 8 and 1.5 mg/l respectively) for the treatment of patients with suspected acute pyelonephritis requiring hospitalization for parenteral antibiotic treatment. "
4.	Ceftriaxone (Ceftriaxon)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1989 - "[Clinical efficacy of ceftriaxone administered once daily against pyelonephritis]." 08/01/2008 - "The present study confirms that acute pyelonephritis in the female patients caused by ESBL-producing strains could not be treated with ceftriaxone." 06/01/2000 - "[National French observation study of ceftriaxone treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children]." 01/01/1991 - "Treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women with intramuscular ceftriaxone: an out-patient study." 12/01/2014 - "Effect of ceftriaxone on the outcome of murine pyelonephritis caused by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli."
5.	Ofloxacin (Levofloxacin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1992 - "Ofloxacin is well tolerated and highly effective in the treatment of pyelonephritis." 03/01/2008 - "This pilot study was undertaken to characterise the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and potential clinical efficacy of levofloxacin 750 mg once daily for 5 days for treatment of women with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. " 03/01/2010 - "The highest efficacy of empiric antibacterial therapy of acute pyelonephritis in HIV-infected patients was seen in combined administration of fluorofloxacin of the second generation (ofloxacin) and nitroimidasol (metronidasol). " 05/01/1992 - "Multicenter open-label study of parenteral ofloxacin in treatment of pyelonephritis in adults." 01/01/1991 - "These interim study findings indicate that the intravenous preparation of ofloxacin is efficacious in the treatment of pyelonephritis and that it is safe. "
6.	Ampicillin (Omnipen)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1984 - "To determine the optimal schemes of rational antibacterial therapy of pyelonephritis gravidarum with ampicillin and cephuroxim, assays of the patient urine and studies on the pharmacokinetics of the drugs were performed. " 01/01/2013 - "In young infants with suspected pyelonephritis, calculated antibiotic treatment should be initiated parenterally with a combination of a third generation cephalosporin or an aminoglycoside with ampicillin. " 01/01/2008 - "To measure the incidence of ampicillin-resistant uropathogens in acute antepartum pyelonephritis and to determine if patients with resistant organisms had different clinical outcomes. " 02/01/2004 - "On the basis of these data, we recommend renal imaging for all patients requiring hospital admission for pyelonephritis, and suggest that initial empirical therapy should include an intravenous dose of cephalosporin but not ampicillin." 05/15/2001 - "Ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in gestational pyelonephritis: increased occurrence and association with the colonization factor Dr adhesin."
7.	Succimer (Dimercaptosuccinic Acid)FDA Link 01/01/2011 - "This study was performed to compare and assess the efficacy of Power Doppler Ultrasound versus Tc-99m DMSA scan for diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. " 10/01/2013 - "U/C has been considered the gold standard test for a UTI and dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy (DMSA) as the gold standard for an upper UTI (pyelonephritis). " 07/01/2007 - "Tc 99m DMSA scintigraphy is regarded as the gold standard for the detection and localization of acute pyelonephritis (APN) in children. " 03/01/2011 - "Fifty children, median age of 24 months (range 2-144), with first-time pyelonephritis verified by an uptake defect on acute dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan were included in the study and randomly allocated to the case or control groups. " 06/01/2009 - "Of the 72 children enrolled in the study, 52 showed signs of acute pyelonephritis (APN) on the first DMSA scan. "
8.	Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination (Co-Trimoxazole)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1993 - "Coli are strongly resistant to aminopenicillins and cotrimoxazole, these antibacterials must not be used as first-line treatment of pyelonephritis." 10/01/2002 - "A randomized trial in women with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis indicated that those treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had a clinical and bacteriological success rate that was significantly lower in those patients treated with this drug when the infecting organism was resistant compared to those in whom the organism was susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. " 07/01/2005 - "During childhood she had undergone an ureterosigmoidostomy after which she had been on TMP/SMX 480 mg daily as prophylaxis for pyelonephritis for many years. " 12/01/2004 - "Healthcare claims from the province of Manitoba, Canada for the period February 1996 to March 1999 were examined to identify episodes of pyelonephritis in non-pregnant females between 18 and 65 years of age treated with TMP-SMX or a fluoroquinolone. " 12/01/2004 - "We identified patient variables associated with receipt of a fluoroquinolone versus TMP-SMX for treatment of acute pyelonephritis. "
9.	Ceftazidime (Fortum)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "One trial compared ceftolozane 1,000 mg every 8 h (q8h) versus ceftazidime 1,000 mg q8h in the treatment of cUTI, including pyelonephritis, and demonstrated similar microbiologic and clinical outcomes, as well as a similar incidence of adverse effects after 7-10 days of treatment, respectively. " 07/01/1998 - "Cefepine vs. ceftazidime treatment of pyelonephritis: a European, randomized, controlled study of 300 pediatric cases. " 01/01/2015 - "Thus, in our opinion, percutaneous nephrostomy combined with ceftazidime treatment can be considered as the most effective option in patients with acute obstructive pyelonephritis. " 01/01/2014 - "Animal studies demonstrate that ceftazidime-avibactam is effective in ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative septicemia, meningitis, pyelonephritis, and pneumonia. " 12/01/2011 - "In early infancy, a combination of aminoglycoside/ampicillin or ceftazidime/ampicillin is commonly recommended as first-line treatment in pyelonephritis. "
10.	AntibodiesIBA 01/15/1989 - "The data also demonstrate that antipili antibodies afford partial protection against ascending pyelonephritis." 01/01/1982 - "Protection against experimental pyelonephritis by antibodies to pili." 01/01/1987 - "This study reports the presence of antibodies against Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urine in 17.2% (85) of 493 patients with chronic pyelonephritis. " 05/24/1969 - "[Studies on the occurrence of serum antibodies in pyelonephritis in childhood]." 07/01/2000 - "The employing of Velikobagachanskaia mineral water internally by drinking and externally by taking a bath with it adds to the effectiveness of treatment of chronic pyelonephritis, modulates parameters associated with immune homeostasis, reduces the number of carriers of antibodies to M. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Nephrectomy 05/01/2014 - "We report a case of emphysematous pyelonephritis in a HD patient who was treated successfully with radical nephrectomy and antibiotic therapy. " 01/01/2015 - "Moreover, an immediate nephrectomy may be effective for the treatment of emphysematous pyelonephritis in cases with poor prognostic factors." 01/01/1990 - "In order to study the effectiveness of unilateral nephrectomy as a treatment for chronic unilateral pyelonephritis, 15 consecutive patients who had undergone this operation were followed up. " 01/01/2016 - "A total of 1 093 nephrectomies were performed (537 non-functioning kidneys, 142 stone disease, 129 nephrectomies secondary to pyelonephritis and 285 cases with other benign conditions). " 10/01/2015 - "Emphysematous pyelonephritis: Is nephrectomy warranted?"
2.	Transplants (Transplant) 06/01/2013 - "This study sought to assess the kidney histology at 1 month, and kidney function at 1 year, after acute graft pyelonephritis in kidney transplant patients. " 07/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to determine the role of host factors and bacterial virulence genes in the development of pyelonephritis caused by Escherichia coli in renal transplant (Tx) recipients. " 09/01/2006 - "Studies explaining the long-term consequences of acute graft pyelonephritis (AGPN) are few. " 12/01/2015 - "The prevalence of acute graft pyelonephritis (AGP) was 15%. " 01/01/2015 - "Delta Neutrophil Index as a Marker for Differential Diagnosis between Acute Graft Pyelonephritis and Acute Graft Rejection."
3.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 01/01/2010 - "This study does not support the role for urinary antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing the recurrence of pyelonephritis." 01/01/2013 - "Antibiotic prophylaxis may be indicated in infants with a primary obstructive megaureter during the first 6 months of life due to a higher risk of complications due to pyelonephritis especially in this age group." 01/01/2010 - "By stopping the urinary antibiotic prophylaxis in children with mild/moderate grade VUR when they became toilet-trained, there is no increase of the incidence of UTI, pyelonephritis. " 03/01/2008 - " infants 2-12 months old with G III-V VUR and at least 2 pyelonephritis, one of them during antibiotic prophylaxis (AP). " 03/01/2006 - "Patients 3 months to 18 years of age with acute pyelonephritis, with or without VUR, were assigned randomly to receive urinary antibiotic prophylaxis or not. "
4.	Stents 02/01/1983 - "The key to good results is the dismembered pyeloplasty with postoperative nephrostomy drainage and applying a stent for the anastomosis, combined with strict control of postoperative pyelonephritis." 12/01/2007 - "Four study groups (acute pyelonephritis n=50, chronic UTI n=10, indwelling ureteral stents n=10, controls n=25) underwent renal ultrasonography (Acuson Seqouia, Mountain View, CA; 6 MHz Transducer). " 05/01/2015 - "Temporary stent placement was required in 3 patients due to pyelonephritis and dilatation. " 03/01/2015 - "Attempts to remove the stent led to pyelonephritis episodes during which only Candida was isolated from the urine. " 12/01/2014 - "In Group L2, one patient had obstruction, one incorrect placement of the stent, and one girl had serious pyelonephritis (14.3%). "
5.	Replantation 11/01/1997 - "Although favorable results have been obtained without creating tunneled tenial reimplantation, we believe that continent cutaneous reservoirs are almost always colonized with bacteria, and an antireflux mechanism may offer protection against subsequent pyelonephritis. " 11/01/1992 - "In this study the patients who underwent reimplantation had a 74% (112 of 151) chance of an uncomplicated postoperative course (no persisting reflux, obstruction, pyelonephritis or severe renal damage)." 12/01/2009 - "However, it is important to know when to operate with uretero-vesical replantation if the ureters are severely dilated, before the acute pyelonephritis becomes recurrent in the setting of persisting reflux in girls or higher grade reflux." 09/01/1999 - "One year later she had acute pyelonephritis with recurrent unilateral reflux and underwent repeat reimplantation. " 01/01/1989 - "The authors report the case of a patient with primary bilateral mega-ureter presenting with recurrent pyelonephritis due to reflux occurring after 3 successive reimplantations. "