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Pulmonary Emphysema

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Enlargement of air spaces distal to the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES where gas-exchange normally takes place. This is usually due to destruction of the alveolar wall. Pulmonary emphysema can be classified by the location and distribution of the lesions.

Also Known As:

Centriacinar Emphysema; Centrilobular Emphysema; Emphysemas, Pulmonary; Focal Emphysema; Panacinar Emphysema; Panlobular Emphysema; Pulmonary Emphysemas; Centriacinar Emphysemas; Centrilobular Emphysemas; Emphysema, Centriacinar; Emphysema, Centrilobular; Emphysema, Focal; Emphysema, Panacinar; Emphysema, Panlobular; Emphysemas, Centriacinar; Emphysemas, Centrilobular; Emphysemas, Focal; Emphysemas, Panacinar; Emphysemas, Panlobular; Focal Emphysemas; Panacinar Emphysemas; Panlobular Emphysemas; Emphysema, Pulmonary

Networked: 1110 relevant articles (35 outcomes, 82 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Respiratory Tract Diseases: 445
- Lung Diseases: 12525
  - Pulmonary Emphysema: 1110
    - Congenital lobar emphysema: 120
    - Hyperlucent Lung: 23

Related Diseases

1.	Asthma (Bronchial Asthma)
2.	Emphysema
3.	Bronchitis
4.	Lung Diseases (Lung Disease)
5.	Obstructive Lung Diseases (Obstructive Lung Disease)

Experts

1.	Aoshiba, Kazutetsu: 6 articles (08/2014 - 03/2004)
2.	Meinel, Felix G: 4 articles (07/2015 - 01/2013)
3.	Bamberg, Fabian: 4 articles (07/2015 - 01/2013)
4.	Takahashi, Kazuhisa: 4 articles (01/2015 - 09/2006)
5.	Fukuchi, Yoshinosuke: 4 articles (01/2015 - 09/2004)
6.	Shapiro, S D: 4 articles (11/2012 - 12/2000)
7.	Nugent, Matthew A: 4 articles (03/2009 - 11/2003)
8.	Cantor, Jerome O: 4 articles (11/2005 - 02/2002)
9.	Schulman, L L: 4 articles (02/2005 - 12/2000)
10.	Sasaki, Hidetada: 4 articles (01/2004 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pulmonary Emphysema:

1.	Pancreatic Elastase (Elastase)IBA 11/01/2015 - "Eight weeks after jugular vein injection of HSP-VEGFA-MSC into mice with elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema followed by c-RSV treatment to induce transgene expression, significant improvement was observed in respiratory functions. " 11/15/2011 - "Pre-clinical evaluation of our drug showed protection against intranasal elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in murine models." 06/01/1992 - "This pig model was valuable to study the scintigraphic manifestation of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema." 06/01/1992 - "The sensitivity of SPECT perfusion studies for the detection of the mild changes of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema were higher than that of HRCT. " 06/01/1992 - "The objective of this study is to evaluate the mild physiologic changes of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in the pig by radionuclide scintigraphy and to correlate these findings with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and histologic examination. "
2.	PapainIBA 07/01/1989 - "The efficacy of constant-flow ventilation (CFV) was investigated in eight mongrel dogs before (control-phase) and after development of papain-induced panlobular emphysema (PLE-phase). " 01/01/1992 - "The study was carried out on an experimental papain induced model of pulmonary emphysema. " 08/15/2014 - "Papain-induced experimental pulmonary emphysema in male and female mice." 12/01/2006 - "Morphogenesis of rat experimental pulmonary emphysema induced by intratracheally administered papain: changes in elastic fibres." 01/01/2006 - "Effects of exercise training on papain-induced pulmonary emphysema in Wistar rats."
3.	Leukocyte Elastase (Neutrophil Elastase)IBA 06/01/1982 - "Human leukocyte elastase can cause lung lesions resembling pulmonary emphysema in experimental animals; therefore, the clearance of this enzyme by alveolar macrophages may represent a significant route for the removal of this potentially pathogenic enzyme from the lung." 11/01/1999 - "We have investigated whether restoration of the balance between neutrophil elastase and its inhibitor, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, can prevent the progression of pulmonary emphysema in patients with alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency. " 11/01/1999 - "This may lead in young adults to panacinar emphysema due to insufficient protection of the lower respiratory tract from neutrophil elastase, permitting progressive destruction of the alveoli. " 03/03/1995 - "Human leukocyte elastase (HLE) has been proposed as a primary mediator of pulmonary emphysema and other inflammatory airway diseases. " 01/01/1994 - "Obtained results indicate, that UDE measurement could be used in diagnosis and monitoring of lung elastolysis in pulmonary emphysema and suggest the key role of neutrophil elastase in pathogenesis of this disorder."
4.	Diffuse panbronchiolitisIBA 01/01/1993 - "In addition, it was possible to image the morphological changes of bronchiolar lesions in diffuse panbronchiolitis and pulmonary emphysema to the same detail as obtained using classical selective alveolo-bronchography (SAB). " 06/01/1991 - "[Comparison of acute bronchodilator response between cases of diffuse panbronchiolitis and pulmonary emphysema]." 06/01/1984 - "[Characteristics in airway resistance and uneven ventilation in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) and diffuse pulmonary emphysema]." 08/01/1980 - "[Differential diagnosis between chronic pulmonary emphysema and diffuse panbronchiolitis by the application of a "theory of quantification" (author's transl)]." 06/01/2007 - "This method is effective for evaluating obstructive pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary emphysema and diffuse panbronchiolitis."
5.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2004 - "Since there is currently no effective treatment for pulmonary emphysema, the effect of retinoic acid should be further investigated in other adult species. " 03/01/2004 - "The effect of retinoic acid in the treatment of pulmonary emphysema remains controversial, and further studies are required to determine its physiological effects under a variety of experimental conditions." 09/01/2012 - "Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-α is induced in the setting of DNA damage and promotes pulmonary emphysema." 11/01/2008 - "This alteration in the retinoic acid signalling pathway in lung fibroblasts may contribute to the defect of alveolar repair in human pulmonary emphysema. " 01/02/2004 - "All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is known to reverse the anatomic and physiologic signs of pulmonary emphysema. "
6.	Theophylline (Theon)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1995 - "These results indicate that exercise tolerance in patients with pulmonary emphysema can be improved by theophylline, probably because of an increase in ventilatory drive." 11/01/1995 - "Factors limiting exercise were studied in 23 patients with pulmonary emphysema, and the effects of theophylline on exercise tolerance and on hypercapnic ventilatory response were studied in 16 patients with pulmonary emphysema. " 11/01/1995 - "[Effect of theophylline on disturbances of ventilation and of gas exchange during exercise in patients with pulmonary emphysema]." 11/01/1993 - "These findings suggest that theophylline is effective in improving ventilatory and occlusion pressure responses to CO2 in patients with asthma probably by its bronchodilating effect, and in patients with pulmonary emphysema by its direct effect on the ventilatory control system." 11/01/1993 - "Ventilatory response to CO2 (VE/PCO2) was increased in patients with asthma and P0.1 response to CO2 (P0.1/PaCO2) was increased in patients with pulmonary emphysema after single theophylline administration. "
7.	CollagenIBA 11/01/2008 - "5. In conclusion, NAC partially improved emphysematous changes and reduced collagen deposition, which diminished the CdCl2-induced fibrotic component of centriacinar emphysema." 06/01/2010 - "Here, we utilized SMP30 KO mice deprived of VC and found that VC depletion caused pulmonary emphysema due to oxidative stress and a decrease of collagen synthesis by the third month of age. " 01/01/1985 - "[Role of collagen in the process of pulmonary emphysema]." 05/01/1980 - "Biochemical and anatomical study of collagen and associated macromolecules in pulmonary panacinar emphysema and spontaneous pneumothorax." 05/01/2000 - "RT-PCR analysis showed that CK19 was expressed in 12 of 38 blood samples (31.6%) of IPF and pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen vascular disorders, seven of 20 (35.0%) blood samples of chronic pulmonary emphysema, and four of 19 (21.1%) blood samples of normal volunteers. "
8.	AAT deficiencyIBA 07/01/2003 - "A 39-year-old female patient, an ex-smoker with an 8-pack-year smoking history and severe pulmonary emphysema of early onset, received a diagnosis of alpha(1)-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency and proved to be a carrier of a new deficient variant, YBARCELONA, derived from the normal M1 variant with two substitutions: one in exon III and the other in exon V. AAT genotype of eight members of the same family and study of lung function of the index case and family members at baseline and after 6 years of follow-up were performed. " 04/01/2015 - "Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic risk factor for pulmonary emphysema. " 03/01/2014 - "Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency was first described in 1963 together with its associations with severe early-onset basal panacinar emphysema. " 01/01/2012 - "Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a hereditary disorder associated with reduced AAT plasma levels, predisposing adults to pulmonary emphysema. " 10/01/2011 - "Chest computed tomography revealed panlobular emphysema in both lungs, which suggested AAT deficiency. "
9.	OxygenIBA 02/01/1955 - "The effect of breathing 100 per cent oxygen in pulmonary emphysema: correlation of clinical improvement with changes in pulmonary ventilation." 10/01/2014 - "No differences were observed as regards the secondary outcomes, except for greater need for supplemental oxygen and a higher incidence of interstitial pulmonary emphysema in the Butantan group. " 06/01/2002 - "Ten patients with pulmonary emphysema and seven healthy volunteers were examined with a respiratory-synchronized inversion recovery single-shot turbo spin-echo sequence (TR = 3200-5000 ms, TE = 16 ms, TI = 720 ms, ETS = 4 ms) following 100% oxygen inhalation, using a 1.5 T whole-body scanner. " 10/01/2000 - "He had suffered from pulmonary emphysema for about 35 years and was treated with oxygen therapy 3 years before. " 06/01/1994 - "The patient was a 60-year-old male who had been treated with home oxygen therapy for chronic pulmonary emphysema. "
10.	GasesIBA 06/10/1969 - "[The reversibility and the limitation of improvement in the values of spirogram, measurements of blood gases and electrocardiographic findings in the patients with chronic pulmonary emphysema]." 11/01/1963 - "STUDIES ON PROGNOSIS OF CHRONIC PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ABNORMALITIES IN PULMONARY CIRCULATION AND ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES." 04/01/1997 - "Arterial blood gases were studied prospectively using continuous intraarterial blood gas monitoring during thoracoscopic volume reduction surgery (VRS) in 24 patients with advanced diffuse pulmonary emphysema. " 01/01/1993 - "[Effects of inhaled beta-adrenergic and anticholinergic drugs on respiratory function and arterial blood gases in patients with pulmonary emphysema]." 01/01/1984 - "Data on the respiratory functional responses of animals and humans to inhaled oxidant gases and to pulmonary emphysema were reviewed and compared. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Pneumonectomy (Lung Volume Reduction) 01/01/2001 - "This paper reports a case of a 71-year-old pulmonary emphysema patient with neuropsychological impairments that were markedly improved 6 months after he underwent lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). " 06/01/2007 - "Lung-volume reduction surgery for pulmonary emphysema improved the BODE index in patients with predominantly upper-lobe disease. " 09/01/1999 - "After lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for carefully selected advanced pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary functional impairments, such as expiratory flow limitation, increase in lung volume, decrease in lung elastic recoil, impaired gas exchange are improved. " 01/01/1999 - "Pulmonary ventilation and exercise ability in patients with pulmonary emphysema were improved in a volume-dependent manner by thoracoscopic lung volume reduction. " 01/01/1999 - "Correlation of unilateral thoracoscopic lung volume reduction with improvement in lung function and exercise performance in patients with severe pulmonary emphysema."
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2014 - "To study the efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation to treat pulmonary emphysema in rats. " 07/01/2009 - "From 1999 to 2008, 223 subjects underwent transplantation in our department, of whom 62 (28%) had a previous diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema. " 09/01/2008 - "Native lung-sparing lobar transplantation for pulmonary emphysema." 01/01/2008 - "However, the effect of MSCs transplantation on pulmonary emphysema is unknown. " 01/01/2008 - "Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation protects against rat pulmonary emphysema."
3.	Tissue Therapy (Cell Therapy) 04/01/2013 - "The group that received no treatment showed a statistically significant difference when compared to other groups, except the group treated and evaluated after 21 days, evidencing the efficacy of cell therapy with BMMC in pulmonary emphysema." 01/01/2013 - "It is worth emphasizing that this study corresponds to the first study in the literature that reports a change in the natural history of pulmonary emphysema after the use of cell therapy with a pool of bone marrow mononuclear cells." 11/01/2006 - "These data suggest that autologous ASC cell therapy may have a therapeutic potential for pulmonary emphysema, through inducing HGF expression selectively in injured lung tissues." 01/01/2013 - "Despite being in the initial stage and in spite of the small sample, the results of the clinical protocol of cell therapy in advanced pulmonary emphysema as proposed in this study, open new therapeutic perspectives in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. " 01/01/2011 - "Unicentric study of cell therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/pulmonary emphysema."
4.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation) 07/01/1985 - "Successful therapy of unilateral pulmonary emphysema: mechanical ventilation with extremely short inspiratory time." 10/01/2011 - "Persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema is a rare condition that occurs in preterm infants on mechanical ventilation, characterized by abnormal accumulation of air in the pulmonary interstitium, due to disruption of the basement membrane. " 04/01/2001 - "Interstitial pulmonary emphysema is a well-documented complication of assisted mechanical ventilation in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. " 01/01/1989 - "Transesophageal echocardiography will be used when there is reduced image quality of transthoracic echocardiography, for example, in obese patients or those with pulmonary emphysema or mechanical ventilation. " 07/01/1985 - "We describe a novel approach to the mechanical ventilation of two neonates with life-threatening unilateral pulmonary emphysema (UPE). "
5.	Oral Administration 01/01/2014 - "Oral administration of mepenzolate caused not only bronchodilation but also decreased the severity of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema; however, compared with the intratracheal route of administration, about 5000 times higher dose was required to achieve this effect. " 04/01/1991 - "[Clinical and physiological features of chronic pulmonary emphysema with paroxysmal dyspnea attacks masquerading as bronchial asthma--improvement of respiratory function after combination therapy of intravenous aminophylline and subcutaneous epinephrine following daily oral administration of prednisolone]."