Pterygium

An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 1052 relevant articles (131 outcomes, 181 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Glaucoma
2.	Cataract (Cataracts)
3.	Cicatrix (Scar)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Scleritis (Episcleritis)

Experts

1.	Tsai, Yi-Yu: 16 articles (04/2014 - 03/2002)
2.	Cheng, Ya-Wen: 14 articles (04/2014 - 07/2004)
3.	Lee, Huei: 11 articles (04/2014 - 07/2004)
4.	Chiang, Chun-Chi: 11 articles (04/2014 - 01/2006)
5.	Coroneo, Minas T: 10 articles (07/2015 - 11/2002)
6.	Tong, Louis: 10 articles (01/2015 - 07/2008)
7.	Di Girolamo, Nick: 10 articles (06/2014 - 11/2002)
8.	Wakefield, Denis: 9 articles (02/2011 - 11/2002)
9.	Tseng, Sung-Huei: 8 articles (01/2010 - 07/2004)
10.	Avisar, Rahamim: 8 articles (09/2009 - 03/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pterygium:

1.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2010 - "Intra-operative application of 0.4mg/ml Mitomycin C is very effective in reduction of recurrence of pterygium after excision. " 05/01/2005 - "Despite the established efficacy of mitomycin C (MMC) in preventing recurrence after pterygium surgery, there is no consensus on the optimal operative technique or dose of MMC. " 05/01/2005 - "Safety and efficacy of the technique of complete tenon's membrane excision and mitomycin C in pterygium surgery." 06/01/2000 - "The intraoperative administration of 0.04% mitomycin C is more effective than beta irradiation as an adjunctive treatment for pterygium surgery in the patient population examined in this study." 09/01/2013 - "Pterygium excision using bulbar conjunctival autograft with intraoperative mitomycin C was effective in primary pterygium."
2.	Fibrin Tissue Adhesive (Fibrin Sealant)IBA 12/01/2013 - "Pterygium excision with superior or inferior CAU secured with fibrin glue is safe and effective. " 04/01/2013 - "Fibrin glue is effective and safe for attaching conjunctival autograft during pterygium surgery. " 01/01/2015 - "To evaluate the efficacy of conjunctival autograft after the pterygium excision with fibrin adhesive using conjunctiva over the pterygium. " 04/01/2015 - "Autologous blood versus fibrin glue for conjunctival autograft adherence in sutureless pterygium surgery: a randomised controlled trial." 07/01/2014 - "Twenty eyes of 20 participants undergoing pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft secured using human fibrin tissue adhesive were included in the study. "
3.	bevacizumabFDA Link 10/01/2015 - "After giving bevacizumab, there was statistically significant improvement in grade, color intensity, size of pterygium, and symptoms of patients. " 07/01/2015 - "Significant changes in cellular density and morphology both occurred at bevacizumab concentrations greater than 7.5 mg/mL. Only primary pterygium HTFs had a reduction in cellular density at a bevacizumab concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. Bevacizumab inhibits primary and recurrent pterygium HTFs in a dose-dependent manner, especially at concentrations greater than 7.5 mg/mL. As the primary HTFs produces larger amounts of MMP-1 compared to recurrent HTFs, significant reduction in MMP-1 level in primary pterygium HTFs after exposure to bevacizumab is likely to be related to the faster cellular density changes in primary pterygium HTFs. " 01/01/2014 - "Intralesional bevacizumab administration is useful in the management of primary pterygium without having any local or systemic adverse effects; however, repeated administrations are needed to provide clinically more significant results." 02/01/2011 - "Intralesional bevacizumab injection is fairly effective in reducing the size of pterygium and is well tolerated; however, this effect is not clinically significant." 01/01/2014 - "Efficacy of intralesional bevacizumab administration in primary pterygium: a quantitative analysis."
4.	Fluorouracil (Carac)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2006 - "5-fluorouracil was significantly (P = 0.001) more effective in inhibiting the recurrence of pterygium compared with the control group at all time points during follow-up. " 03/01/2001 - "This pilot study suggests that when early recurrence of pterygium is already evident, 5-FU treatment into the dome of the fibrovascular tissue may be beneficial in halting its progression, by rendering it atrophic. " 01/01/1989 - "In one patient there was a small pterygium recurrence, which was treated successfully with 5-fluorouracil." 02/01/2012 - "There is a paucity of data on the efficacy of 5-FU when used in Africa as an adjuvant to conjunctival autograft following pterygium excision. " 03/01/2009 - "To investigate the safety and efficacy of intraoperative infiltration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as an adjuvant drug in pterygium treatment. "
5.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2006 - "Efficacy of 2% lignocaine gel in pterygium surgery." 04/01/2005 - "Efficacy of lidocaine 2% gel in pterygium surgery." 04/01/2005 - "The aim of this study was to determine whether lidocaine 2% gel is an effective topical anaesthetic agent for pterygium surgery. " 07/01/2009 - "To determine the effectiveness of lidocaine 2% gel vstetracaine 1% drops in primary pterygium surgery. " 07/01/1990 - "A Purtscher-like retinopathy occurred in a 41-year-old woman who underwent the excision of a pterygium after a retrobulbar injection of 3 ml of lidocaine HCl. "
6.	tranilast (N 5')IBA 05/01/2000 - "We studied the possibility that tranilast, an antiallergic and antiproliferative drug, may be beneficial for the treatment of pterygium. " 01/01/2015 - "Tranilast was effective in decreasing the number of pterygium epithelial cells expressing TGF-β." 12/01/2011 - "Case in which tranilast ophthalmic solution was thought to be effective for the prevention of symblepharon and recurrence after pterygium surgery." 01/01/2015 - "Preoperative tranilast as adjunctive therapy to primary pterygium surgery with a 1-year follow-up." 01/01/2014 - "Particularly, thirteen pterygium specimens (n=13) displayed exclusively moderate to strong nuclear staining; some specimens (n=5) showed exclusively a moderate cytoplasmatic immunoreactivity, and few specimens (n=2) displayed moderate to strong immunoreactivity in both cytoplasm and nucleus. "
7.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 07/01/2009 - "Selective blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor was effective in causing regression of conjunctival microvessels in three eyes with inflamed pterygium or residual pterygia." 01/01/2014 - "The lack of powerful evidence to support the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in human pterygium can be attributed to incomplete VEGF expression assessment by restrictive use of immunohistochemistry only and failure to use the molecular methods able to confirm immunohistochemical findings. " 12/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to compare the association between pterygium and VEGF gene expression between atopic and non-atopic individuals. " 07/01/2012 - "The aim of this study is to evaluate VEGF, TGF-β and PGE₂ expression in the epithelial, endothelial and stromal cells of human pterygium and normal conjunctiva in order to determine whether these factors participate in the development of pterygium. " 07/01/2012 - "Immunohistochemical profile of VEGF, TGF-β and PGE₂ in human pterygium and normal conjunctiva: experimental study and review of the literature."
8.	CosmeticsIBA 03/01/2012 - "A low single-dose of β-RT of 10 Gy after CAG surgery was a simple, effective, and safe treatment that reduced the risk of primary pterygium recurrence, improved symptoms after surgery, resulting in a better cosmetic effect than only CAG." 09/01/2011 - "The percentage of images of postoperative and controls that were graded in each grading category were obtained and compared with the only existent study of post pterygium cosmetic results. " 03/01/2015 - "We examined 73 surgical sites (nasal and/or temporal area) in 60 eyes from 43 patients who underwent conjunctival flap surgery for calcified scleromalacia arising from cosmetic wide conjunctivectomy or pterygium excision. " 04/01/2014 - "The major goal of pterygium treatment is avoiding recurrence, but complication rates and cosmetic results are also considered. " 09/01/2013 - "The "posterior cervical lift," an innovative surgical technique for the management of pterygium colli, achieved satisfying cosmetic outcomes and stability over time."
9.	Indomethacin (Indometacin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1997 - "This study indicates that topical indomethacin solution 0.1% is a useful treatment for inflamed pterygium and pinguecula." 01/01/1997 - "To evaluate the effect of topical indomethacin 0.1% on signs and symptoms in inflamed pterygium and pinguecula. " 01/01/1997 - "Treatment of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula with topical indomethacin 0.1% solution." 02/01/1999 - "This study indicates that topical indomethacin 0.1% solution is as effective as topical dexamethasone phosphate 0.1% solution for the treatment of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula and, therefore, is suggested as an effective treatment for these conditions." 02/01/1999 - "Topical indomethacin solution versus dexamethasone solution for treatment of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula: a prospective randomized clinical study."
10.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2015 - "To evaluate incidence ofsteroid responder following topical dexamethasone use after pterygium excision with amniotic membrane graft. " 02/01/1999 - "This study indicates that topical indomethacin 0.1% solution is as effective as topical dexamethasone phosphate 0.1% solution for the treatment of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula and, therefore, is suggested as an effective treatment for these conditions." 02/01/1999 - "Topical indomethacin solution versus dexamethasone solution for treatment of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula: a prospective randomized clinical study." 01/01/2005 - "Minimal conjunctival removal, extensive fibrovascular tissue excision, 1-minute application of mitomycin 0.25 mg/mL, temporary nasal tarsorrhaphy, and frequent application of dexamethasone/antibiotic drops postoperatively provided a safe and successful approach to pterygium management in this series." 02/01/1999 - "To compare the effect of topical indomethacin 0.1% solution with the effect of topical dexamethasone 0.1% phosphate solution on signs and symptoms of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2015 - "Younger age is a risk factor for reproliferation of pterygial tissue after excision and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) are less effective in preventing recurrence of pterygium after excision based on the comparison between conjunctival autograft and AMT. " 09/01/2011 - "Inferior limbal-conjunctival autograft transplantation has been described as a safe and effective treatment for primary pterygium. " 09/01/2009 - "Although limbal stem cells and conjunctival autograft transplantation is a time-consuming procedure, it is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of different grades of pterygium. " 01/01/2009 - "Limbal stem cells and conjunctival autograft transplantation is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of different grades of pterygium. " 01/01/2008 - "Primary pterygium excision with amniotic membrane transplantation is a safe and effective surgical technique with low recurrence rate."
2.	Autologous Transplantation 02/01/2007 - "Narrow-strip conjunctival autografting appears to be an effective surgical technique in preventing pterygium recurrence. " 03/01/2006 - "Limbal conjunctival mini-autografting appears to be an effective procedure for pterygium surgery resulting in a low recurrence rate." 08/01/1999 - "Today, conjunctival autografting is widely used in pterygium surgery and has been shown to be both safe and effective in reducing pterygium recurrence. " 10/01/1997 - "Conjunctival autografting for primary and recurrent pterygium is effective in reducing pterygium recurrence compared with bare sclera excision." 07/01/2012 - "Conjunctival autologous transplantation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of pterygium with a minimal recurrence rate."
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 01/01/2008 - "This study provides preliminary evidence that de-epithelialized AM graft is as effective as conjunctival autograft in preventing pterygium recurrence in this Southern California Hispanic population." 07/01/2012 - "The mainstay of treatment for pterygium is surgical excision with or without a graft. " 07/01/2013 - "Short term results suggests that adjunctive amniotic membrane transplant with pterygium excision is effective and safe. " 10/01/2009 - "Supero temporal free conjunctivo-limbal auto graft appears to be a safe and effective technique in the surgical management of pterygium. " 03/01/2008 - "Free conjunctival graft is a safe and effective method of pterygium surgery that produces only few complications and has low recurrence rate. "
4.	Sutures (Suture) 06/01/2015 - "A single suture or sutureless glue-free technique may be good alternative for securing conjunctival autograft after pterygium excision in children." 02/01/2014 - "Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of autologous in-situ blood coagulum versus sutures for attaching conjunctival limbal autografts (CAG) among patients undergoing primary pterygium excision over a period of 1 year. " 07/01/2013 - "To report the efficacy, safety, and reliability of autologous cryoprecipitate in pterygium excision surgery and to compare it with the traditional method of using absorbable sutures, in regard to surgical time and the patient comfort. " 01/01/2012 - "We retrospectively reviewed the records of 90 patients (103 eyes) who received limbal-conjunctival autografts with limbal fixation sutures after excision of the primary pterygium (82 eyes) and recurrent pterygium (21 eyes). " 12/01/2011 - "12 out of 40 (30%) recurred after the pterygium excision with complete suture of conjunctivae (PESC). "
5.	Injections 03/01/1997 - "Anesthesia during pterygium surgery is usually achieved with injections of anesthetic medications. " 06/01/2014 - "Repeated injections of bevacizumab may help to prevent the high recurrence rate of residual impending pterygium, due to its adjuvant role in decreasing lesion size, especially in the first year after surgery." 10/01/2013 - "The use of weekly intra-lesional 5FU injections for the treatment of recurrent pterygium is safe and effective in limiting the progression and inducing the regression of recurrent pterygium. " 08/01/2003 - "To investigate the safety and efficacy of intraoperative application of 5-fluorouracil as an adjuvant in primary pterygium surgery and to evaluate the effect of postoperative subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections on the recurrent pterygium. " 03/01/2015 - "The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 3 subconjunctival bevacizumab injections in patients with an early corneal pterygium recurrence. "