Protein Deficiency

A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)

Also Known As:

Networked: 868 relevant articles (14 outcomes, 60 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Malnutrition
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
4.	Weight Loss (Weight Reduction)
5.	Anemia

Experts

1.	González-Reimers, E: 6 articles (08/2013 - 03/2002)
2.	Galindo-Martín, L: 6 articles (08/2013 - 01/2000)
3.	Santolaria-Fernández, F: 6 articles (08/2013 - 03/2002)
4.	Garg, M L: 5 articles (01/2006 - 11/2004)
5.	Dhawan, D K: 5 articles (01/2006 - 11/2004)
6.	Wanders, Ronald J A: 4 articles (02/2015 - 06/2003)
7.	Abreu-González, P: 4 articles (08/2013 - 01/2003)
8.	Atkinson, John P: 4 articles (01/2007 - 11/2005)
9.	López-Lirola, A: 4 articles (10/2005 - 01/2003)
10.	Scott, Marilyn E: 3 articles (01/2015 - 09/2010)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Protein Deficiency:

1.	IronIBA 05/01/2002 - "An iron- or protein-deficiency induced hair loss may be cured by simple substitution. " 03/01/1979 - "In the present study, iron and protein deficiency significantly reduced acquired resistance to reinfection with N. " 09/01/1970 - "A study of iron and protein deficiency in hookworm infestation." 08/01/1984 - "Iron absorption from the iron-deficient diet appeared unaffected by the associated protein deficiency. " 03/01/1979 - "The effect of iron and protein deficiency on the development of acquired resistance to reinfection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats."
2.	AnthelminticsIBA 11/01/1977 - "This decreased efficacy of anthelmintics in iron and protein deficiency could not be overcome by intraperitoneal administration of the drug. " 11/01/1977 - "Using the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-rat model, the effect of iron and protein deficiency on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics was studied. " 11/01/1977 - "Nippostronglylus brasiliensis infection in the rat: effect of iron and protein deficiency and dexamethasone on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics." 04/01/1979 - "Furthermore, iron and protein deficiency reduced the efficacy of the anthelmintics pyrantel and piperazine but not levamisole. "
3.	Membrane Proteins (Integral Membrane Proteins)IBA 05/01/2005 - "Our data suggest that the relative quantification of each major membrane protein and of the ratios between the values of protein deficiencies may be helpful in providing additional data about the clinical outcome of HS." 07/01/2008 - "We performed standardized diagnosis tests, including electrophoretic membrane protein analysis to identify and quantify protein deficiencies underlying HS. " 05/01/2005 - "We performed screening tests and the standardized electrophoretic membrane protein analysis to identify and quantify protein deficiencies. " 10/01/1998 - "Electrophoresis of the red cell membrane proteins allows the identification of the protein deficiency related to HS and thus confirms the diagnosis of HS, but also points to the underlying molecular defect, the inheritance pattern and the clinical aspects of the disease." 05/01/1991 - "Changes in macrophage membrane proteins in relation to protein deficiency in rats."
4.	Vitamin A (Retinol)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1999 - "We examined whether vitamin A improved mucosal immune depression in mice with wasting protein deficiency. " 03/01/2000 - "In separate experiments, vitamin A (AD) and protein deficiencies (PD) were produced in male WNIN weanling rats. " 01/01/1982 - "At presentation he was apparently unable to normally mobilize vitamin A from his liver, which may have been due to an accompanying protein deficiency." 07/01/1970 - "[Influence of protein deficiency in the diet on the absorption of vitamin A in the alimentary tract]." 09/01/1964 - "VITAMIN A PROTEIN DEFICIENCY IN MALAYAN CHILDREN."
5.	HydrolasesIBA 09/01/1984 - "Meanwhile protein deficiency did not cause any significant reduction in immune response and completely removed activation of lysosomal hydrolases." 01/01/1989 - "[Activity of lysosomal hydrolases and renewal of proteins in the rat liver, spleen, and thymus during antigenic stimulation and protein deficiency]." 01/01/1979 - "The significance of activator proteins for the proper interaction of lipid substrates and water-soluble hydrolases is illustrated by the fatal glycolipid storage resulting from an activator protein deficiency in the AB variant of GM2-gangliosidosis. "
6.	NucleotidesIBA 09/01/1996 - "Growing evidence suggests that intestinal recovery from injury induced by radiation, endotoxin, and protein deficiency is improved by the ingestion of nucleosides and nucleotides. " 12/31/1959 - "[Action of nucleotides on the hepatic ribonucleic acid during protein deficiency]."
7.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1980 - "The effect of iron deficiency, protein deficiency and dexamethasone on infection, re-infection and treatment of Giardia muris in the mouse." 11/01/1977 - "Nippostronglylus brasiliensis infection in the rat: effect of iron and protein deficiency and dexamethasone on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics."
8.	UbiquinoneIBA 04/01/1975 - "The urinary excretion of p-hydroxybenzoate was not altered by ubiquinone feeding, but, although decreased considerably, was not eliminated in protein deficiency. "
9.	PyrantelIBA 04/01/1979 - "Furthermore, iron and protein deficiency reduced the efficacy of the anthelmintics pyrantel and piperazine but not levamisole. " 04/01/1979 - "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat: effect of iron and protein deficiency on the anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole, pyrantel, piperazine, and levamisole."
10.	Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)FDA Link 01/01/1988 - "The efficacy of subcutaneous goretex implants in monitoring wound healing response in experimental protein deficiency."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 01/01/2010 - "TLR and adaptor protein deficiencies significantly improved the excretory function of chronic kidney grafts by between 65% and 290%, and histopathologic signs of chronic allograft damage were significantly ameliorated. " 04/30/1993 - "Although this complication is usually accompanied by acute graft failure and/or gastroesophageal bleeding, in this patient the portal thrombosis occurred with the appearance of general dropsy and encephalopathy, serum protein deficiency and a slight rise in liver function test values. " 11/01/2005 - "Complement regulatory protein deficiency impacts treatment decisions as patients with aHUS have a recurrence rate in renal transplants of approximately 50%, whereas those with factor H mutations have an even higher risk (approximately 80%). "
2.	Ketogenic Diet 10/01/2013 - "Short-term 50% CR combined with either severe protein-deficiency or ketogenic diets improved chemotoxicity resistance similarly to the standard 50% CR, but did not result in the high protection caused by STS. " 07/01/2014 - "Rats fed with LC75/10 displayed features of protein deficiency (reduced growth and nitrogen balance, hypoproteinemia, depletion of body protein, and increased body and liver fat), whereas the effects with the non-ketogenic diets LC65/20 and LC55/30 were less pronounced. "
3.	Cell Transplantation 10/01/2014 - "Reduced-intensity conditioning hematopoietic cell transplantation is an effective treatment for patients with SLAM-associated protein deficiency/X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1."
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 01/01/2010 - "TLR and adaptor protein deficiencies significantly improved the excretory function of chronic kidney grafts by between 65% and 290%, and histopathologic signs of chronic allograft damage were significantly ameliorated. "
5.	Protein-Restricted Diet (Diet, Protein Restricted) 06/15/1998 - "In Experiment 2, hamsters that had developed a preference for the protein test diet while maintained on the protein-free diet were given Purina Chow for 25 days to permit them to recover from their protein deficiency. " 06/01/1996 - "We conclude that protein deficiency is the primary cause of the elevated NaCl preference produced by being fed a low-protein diet and that a novel physiological mechanism underlies this behavior." 09/01/1992 - "Severe protein deficiency was produced in pigs fed the high-fat, low-protein diet (growth failure, rough hair, low serum total protein and albumin). " 08/01/1975 - "To investigate the regulation of skeletal-muscle-protein growth we measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in growing rats during development on a good diet, during development on a marginally low-protein diet and during rehabilitation on a good diet after a period of severe protein deficiency. " 01/01/1999 - "Marked to severe lobular and acinar cell atrophy in animals fed low-protein diets resembled human pancreatic atrophy resulting from protein deficiency. "