Prostaglandins E (PGE)

(11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGE(1)); (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGE(2)); and (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGE(3)). Three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. They are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. Originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities.

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Networked: 2445 relevant articles (67 outcomes, 311 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Narumiya, Shuh: 19 articles (07/2012 - 01/2002)
2.	Sugimoto, Yukihiko: 14 articles (07/2012 - 01/2002)
3.	Peters-Golden, Marc: 13 articles (12/2012 - 06/2003)
4.	DuBois, Raymond N: 13 articles (02/2012 - 09/2004)
5.	Akira, Shizuo: 11 articles (02/2013 - 06/2002)
6.	Uematsu, Satoshi: 10 articles (02/2013 - 06/2002)
7.	Jakobsson, Per-Johan: 10 articles (11/2012 - 07/2003)
8.	Dannenberg, Andrew J: 10 articles (04/2012 - 08/2003)
9.	Maruyama, Takayuki: 10 articles (08/2011 - 01/2002)
10.	Oshima, Hiroko: 9 articles (03/2013 - 08/2003)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 09/01/2010 - "Targeting PGE(2) signaling by EP receptor antagonists holds promise for the development of targeted therapy for the treatment of cancer." 02/01/1988 - "It is assumed that PGE secretion by malignant tumor cells is one of the mechanisms of their protection against natural killer cells." 02/01/2010 - "The present study evaluates whether endogenous PGE(2) exhibits a critical role in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. " 08/25/2006 - "This study describes a novel cross-talk between the COX-2-controlled prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and Stat3 signaling pathways that coordinately regulate human cancer cell growth. " 02/01/2002 - "Recent studies have suggested that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) subtype receptors (EP) are involved in cellular proliferation and tumor development. "
2.	Inflammation 08/01/2002 - "These findings indicate that the COX-2 enzyme is protective against pulmonary fibrogenesis, and we suggest that COX-2 generation of PGE(2) is an important factor in resolving inflammation." 02/01/2010 - "It is believed that a better understanding of the PGE(2) receptor EP subtypes may help to clarify the relation between inflammation and AD, and to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific EP receptor for AD treatment." 02/01/2014 - "In trial 2, the inflammation marker prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the plasma of mice fed the MYB-FP diet at 21 d was reduced by 10-fold (P < 0.01) compared with the RG-FP diet. " 04/15/2012 - "However, both clinical studies and rodent models suggest that, in the asthmatic lung, PGE(2) acts to restrain the immune response and limit physiological change secondary to inflammation. " 01/01/2007 - "In the present study, we examined the possible production of two potent antiinflammatory mediators, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) by leptomeningeal cells during systemic inflammation. "
3.	Pain (Aches) 04/01/2011 - "We also observed a significant improvement in symptomatic pain after only 2 days of PGE(1) therapy. " 08/01/1997 - "The higher incidence of intracavernous PGE-induced pain reported here compared to other studies might be related to difference in pain thresholds among races. " 08/01/2012 - "PGE(2) has the greatest impact on the process of pain signals and can be detected in GCF in order to investigate the response of dental and periodontal tissues in a biochemical manner. " 05/01/2011 - "Higher levels of endotoxin were detected in teeth with exudation, whereas elevated levels of PGE(2) were found in teeth with tenderness to percussion and pain on palpation. " 04/25/2011 - "The present results suggest that the antinociceptive effect of 1 is correlated with the inhibition of neutrophil migration, cytokine release, and PGE(2) production and are supportive of the further investigation of the therapeutic potential of 1 to control inflammatory pain."
4.	Edema 06/01/2012 - "Further more, the ELISA results showed that CPZ (170, 85, and 42.5 mg/kg for rats, p.o.) could up-regulate the level of IL-1β in the edema paw tissue of rats significantly while down-regulate that of PGE(2), but no apparent effect on TNF-α or NO was observed in the test. " 01/31/2012 - "In addition, we determined the levels of PGE(2) and nitrite in the edema paw. " 03/24/2011 - "In addition, we determined the levels of PGE(2) in the edema paw. " 11/01/2009 - "Analysis of the skin 6 h after TPA treatment showed that the TPA-induced promotion of skin edema, inflammatory leukocyte infiltration, COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production was significantly lower in the skin of the IL-12-KO mice than their wild-type counterparts. " 09/15/2003 - "These results suggest that COX-2, but not COX-1, contributes to the edema and the formation of PGE(2) and TXB(2) in mouse CIA model."
5.	Acute Liver Failure (Fulminant Hepatic Failure) 01/01/2000 - "Hepatic arterial infusion of PGE(1) is very useful and effective in the treatment of acute liver failure." 06/01/2001 - "In this study, we used a canine model of acute liver failure to evaluate the effects of PGE(1) on the efficacy of ECLP as a liver-assist device. " 03/01/1999 - "While orthotopic liver transplantation remains the definitive treatment for many patients with acute liver failure, N-acetyl-cystine (150 mg/kg over 15 minutes followed by 12.5 mg/kg/hour) and PGE(1) (10 - 40 microg/hour) are reported to have an additional role and are being used increasingly in the management of all forms of acute liver failure. " 03/01/1996 - "Improved hepatic microcirculation is one of the postulated mechanisms by which prostaglandin E1 (PGE(1)) could improve liver function in the setting of fulminant hepatic failure or poor allograft function immediately post-transplant. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Carrageenan
2.	Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs)
3.	Indomethacin (Indometacin)
4.	Alprostadil (Muse)
5.	Prostaglandins
6.	Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors (COX-2 Inhibitors)
7.	Arachidonic Acid (Vitamin F)
8.	prostaglandin-E synthase
9.	Dinoprost
10.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant)
2.	Hepatectomy
3.	Injections
4.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section)
5.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft)