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Probenecid (Benemid)

The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.

Also Known As:

Benemid; Benecid; Benuryl; Biokanol Brand of Probenecid; ICN Brand of Probenecid; IDIS Brand of Probenecid; Major Brand of Probenecid; Martec Brand of Probenecid; Merck Brand of Probenecid; Ophthalmic Brand of Probenecid; Parmed Brand of Probenecid; Pro-Cid; Probecid; Probenecid Weimer; Valdecasas Brand of Probenecid; Zenith Brand of Probenecid; Probenecid Major Brand; Probenecid Martec Brand; Probenecid Parmed Brand; Probenecid Zenith Brand; Benzoic acid, 4-((dipropylamino)sulfonyl)-

Networked: 539 relevant articles (52 outcomes, 66 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Organic Chemicals: 58
- Amides: 231
  - Sulfonamides: 931
    - Probenecid: 539
- Sulfur Compounds: 135
  - Sulfones: 136
    - Sulfonamides: 931
      - Probenecid: 539
        4-((diethylamino)sulfonyl)benzoic acid: 2
        2-nitroprobenecid
        pivampicillin probenate
        prototapen

Experts

1.	Lau, Yuen-Sum: 5 articles (11/2011 - 12/2007)
2.	Patel, Pankaj A: 4 articles (07/2009 - 04/2006)
3.	Manivasagam, Thamilarasan: 3 articles (10/2014 - 01/2012)
4.	Essa, Musthafa Mohamed: 3 articles (10/2014 - 01/2012)
5.	Dahl, Gerhard: 3 articles (01/2013 - 09/2008)
6.	Mody, Reema R: 3 articles (07/2009 - 03/2008)
7.	Sung, Yun-Hee: 2 articles (10/2015 - 12/2012)
8.	Wu, Eric Q: 2 articles (08/2015 - 03/2008)
9.	Löscher, Wolfgang: 2 articles (01/2015 - 07/2003)
10.	Toldi, József: 2 articles (01/2015 - 09/2009)

Related Diseases

1.	Infection 09/01/1982 - "In comparison, APPG-probenecid eradicated 125 (98.4%) of 127 urethral or endocervical gonococcal infections, 17 (94%) of 18 rectal infections, and 4 (100%) of 4 pharyngeal infections. " 04/01/2014 - "These findings suggest neuronal pyroptosis is an important cell death mechanism during CNS infection and injury that may be attenuated by probenecid. " 07/01/2014 - "In this study, we demonstrate that probenecid reduces infection and inflammation in acute P. " 01/01/2013 - "As the inflammasome has been implicated in the progression of Chlamydia infections, and with chlamydial infections at record levels in the US, we therefore investigated whether probenecid would have a direct effect on Chlamydia trachomatis development through inhibition of Panx1. " 01/01/2013 - "Probenecid, a prototypical uricosuric agent and chemical inhibitor of organic anion transporters known to target OAT3, was shown to be effective in limiting influenza A virus infection in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] of 5.0 × 10(-5) to 5.0 × 10(-4) μM; P < 0.005) and in vivo (P < 0.05). "
2.	Urethritis 12/01/1983 - "MICs of PCG to the 12 PPNG strains were 3.13 - 25 micrograms/ml and to the 68 non-PPNG strains were 0.0122 - 3.13 micrograms/ml. While MICs of CZX to the PPNG strains were less than or equal to 0.003 - 0.024 micrograms/ml and to the non-PPNG strains were less than or equal to 0.003 - 0.05 micrograms/ml. Those patients with gonorrheal urethritis were given a single 0.5 g intramuscular dose of CZX and a single 1 g oral dose of probenecid. " 08/18/1990 - "The therapeutic efficacy of single intramuscular doses of ceftriaxone (Rocephin; Roche) (62.5, 125 and 250 mg), administered without probenecid, was evaluated in 167 adult males with uncomplicated acute gonococcal urethritis. " 12/01/1997 - "The trial demonstrated the efficacy of a single oral dose of cefaclor with probenecid for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in South Africa. " 05/01/1985 - "[Treatment of gonorrheal urethritis with a single dose of penicillin in combination with probenecid]." 02/01/1984 - "Young men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis were treated with 1 gram of cefonicid given intramuscularly plus 1 gram of probenecid by mouth. "
3.	Gonorrhea 04/01/1989 - "Therefore, the combination of epiciline-probenecid is a valid alternative for routine treatment of acute uncomplicated gonorrhea." 04/01/1989 - "We treated 142 patients with acute uncomplicated gonorrhea with a single oral dose of epiciline-probenecid. " 09/05/1968 - "[Gonorrhea therapy with a combination of probenecid and benzylsodiumpenicillin. " 08/01/1986 - "Cefuroxime axetil alone is effective for urethral gonorrhea in males; rectal gonorrhea probably requires additional probenecid." 02/01/1980 - "The data suggest a possible means by which probenecid improves the efficacy of gonorrhea therapy with aqueous procaine penicillin G. "
4.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 03/15/1985 - "These observations may provide an additional explanation for probenecid enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy of MTX in tumor bearing mice and highlight the importance of assessing drug-protein interactions in an in vitro experimental model." 02/01/2012 - "Probenecid is a chemosensitizer in cancer cell lines." 05/01/2010 - "Probenecid did not increase the exposure of MTX inside the tumor, but caused a longer half-life of central MTX. " 04/27/2001 - "Altogether, MRP inhibitors such as probenecid have been shown to function as a double-edged sword, indicating that they are not only an effective chemosensitizer of MRP-associated MDR tumor cells but also an MRP activator. " 01/01/1997 - "These results suggest that probenecid is an effective chemosensitizer of MRP-associated MDR tumor cells and is a potential candidate for clinical use to reverse MDR."
5.	Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) 01/01/1991 - "Probenecid pharmacokinetics were studied in 5 cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects and 5 control subjects at oral dosages of 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg. Serum and urine samples were collected for 8 h after administration and assayed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. " 01/01/1991 - "Probenecid pharmacokinetics in cystic fibrosis." 08/01/2008 - "Probenecid, but not cystic fibrosis, alters the total and renal clearance of fexofenadine." 08/01/2008 - "Eight cystic fibrosis patients and 8 healthy volunteers were recruited into a crossover pharmacokinetic study in which participants received 180 mg fexofenadine with or without 1 g probenecid twice a day. " 08/01/2008 - "No difference in fexofenadine pharmacokinetic parameters was observed between cystic fibrosis patients and healthy volunteers when fexofenadine was administered with or without probenecid. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Ampicillin (Omnipen)
2.	Amoxicillin (Wymox)
3.	Penicillins (Penicillin)
4.	Penicillin G Procaine (Procaine, Benzylpenicillin)
5.	cefuroxime axetil (Ceftin)
6.	Penicillinase
7.	Allopurinol (Remid)
8.	Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
9.	Ceftriaxone (Ceftriaxon)
10.	Sulbactam

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intravitreal Injections
2.	Intramuscular Injections
3.	Vitrectomy
4.	Injections
5.	Gas Lasers