Primaquine

An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404)

Also Known As:

Networked: 670 relevant articles (98 outcomes, 94 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	White, Nicholas J: 23 articles (12/2014 - 07/2003)
2.	Baird, J Kevin: 22 articles (06/2015 - 06/2002)
3.	Krudsood, Srivicha: 10 articles (01/2011 - 07/2003)
4.	Tekwani, Babu L: 9 articles (07/2015 - 12/2006)
5.	Drakeley, Chris: 9 articles (01/2015 - 05/2010)
6.	Looareesuwan, Sornchai: 9 articles (05/2008 - 07/2003)
7.	Walker, Larry A: 8 articles (07/2015 - 12/2006)
8.	Bousema, Teun: 8 articles (01/2015 - 05/2010)
9.	Day, Nicholas P J: 8 articles (12/2014 - 06/2006)
10.	Wilairatana, Polrat: 8 articles (06/2010 - 07/2003)

Related Diseases

1.	Malaria 01/01/2011 - "Primaquine (PQ) is a potent therapeutic agent used in the treatment of malaria and its mechanism of action still lacks a more detailed understanding at a molecular level. " 01/01/2012 - "In March 2012, a group of experts met in London to discuss the existing evidence on the ability of primaquine to block malaria transmission, to define the roadblocks to the use of primaquine in Africa and to develop a roadmap to enable its rapid, safe and effective deployment. " 07/01/2004 - "While the single, 45-mg dose of primaquine recommended by the World Health Organization was effective in clearing gametocytes from the blood of > 90% of the present cases of malaria, > 4% of the patients with uncomplicated malaria and > 9% of those with the severe disease continued to harbour gametocytes in their peripheral blood 29 and 15 days after taking the primaquine, respectively." 06/12/1965 - "The inadequacy of the 4-aminoquinolines for protection against latent benign tertian malaria is noted, and the use of primaquine is recommended. " 01/01/2009 - "The prospects of malaria elimination would be substantially improved by changing the timing of primaquine administration and combining this with effective detection and management of imported malaria cases. "
2.	Vivax Malaria 10/01/2002 - "Radical curative efficacy of five-day regimen of primaquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in India." 04/01/2010 - "A 1 week course of primaquine 60 mg daily is an effective treatment of vivax malaria in this region." 07/01/2013 - "This study was designed to assess the efficacy of 8 weeks of primaquine treatment in prevention of relapse in patients with vivax malaria in south and south-east Iran by SSCP-PCR and sequencing. " 07/01/2014 - "Efficacy of three different regimens of primaquine for the prevention of relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Amazon Basin of Peru." 07/01/2013 - "Assessment of the efficacy of 8 weeks of primaquine for the prevention of relapse in vivax malaria patients using SSCP-PCR and sequencing in South and South-East Iran, 2008-2011."
3.	Infection 05/01/1978 - "It is concluded that such primaquine regimens, which are more practicable for field use than the full 14-days curative regimen, are of value to both the patient and the community through the reduction of parasite episodes and the reduction of the source of mosquito infection for continuation of transmission." 10/01/2009 - "vivax strains and partially effective primaquine regimens significantly undermine the radical cure and control of this relapsing infection. " 08/07/2004 - "Medication with the antimalarial drug primaquine induced a significant reduction in Haemoproteus gametocyte infection intensity in two different breeding seasons and under two different doses of medication. " 01/01/1960 - "It cured 90% of infections, yet did not produce clinically demonstrable haemolysis in primaquine-sensitive adult males with major expression of the haemolytic trait." 12/01/2006 - "Drug discovery is primarily directed to the asexual blood stages, and few drugs that are effective against the obligatory liver stages, from which the pathogenic blood infection is initiated, have become available since primaquine was deployed in the 1950s. "
4.	Falciparum Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum Malaria) 01/01/2013 - "Study protocol for a randomised controlled double-blinded trial of the dose-dependent efficacy and safety of primaquine for clearance of gametocytes in children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Uganda." 07/01/2004 - "The efficacy of a single dose of 45 mg primaquine, as a gametocytocidal agent, was assessed in Mumbai, India, among adults with uncomplicated or severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. " 07/01/2004 - "A prospective study evaluating the efficacy of a single, 45-mg dose of primaquine, as a gametocytocidal agent, in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mumbai, India." 01/01/2006 - "This study compared CQ (n = 29 subjects) versus CQ + SP (with or without primaquine; n = 88) for clinical and parasitological cure of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the Menoreh Hills region of southern Central Java, Indonesia. " 08/01/2014 - "Ethics, economics, and the use of primaquine to reduce falciparum malaria transmission in asymptomatic populations."
5.	Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia) 06/01/1988 - "In the in vivo prophylaxis model, primaquine at 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg did not prevent the development of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immune-suppressed rats. " 11/12/1992 - "Primaquine-induced methemoglobinemia during treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia." 03/01/1991 - "Studies in rat models showed that the combination of primaquine plus clindamycin was effective in the therapy and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and that the combination was more effective than either drug alone. " 03/01/1991 - "Because therapy with primaquine and clindamycin was limited to patients with mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, studies with this regimen in more severe cases are warranted." 09/01/2015 - "[Case Report: Clindamycin with Primaquine Therapy for Severe Pneumocystis Pneumonia]."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Chloroquine (Aralen)
2.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)
3.	artesunate
4.	Dapsone
5.	piperaquine
6.	tafenoquine
7.	dihydroquinghaosu (dihydroartemisinin)
8.	Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
9.	Mefloquine (Lariam)
10.	sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Chemoprevention
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
4.	Injections
5.	Directly Observed Therapy