Priapism

A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.

Also Known As:

Networked: 824 relevant articles (37 outcomes, 34 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Erectile Dysfunction
2.	Stuttering (Stammering)
3.	Sickle Cell Anemia (Hemoglobin S Disease)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)

Experts

1.	Burnett, Arthur L: 20 articles (09/2015 - 02/2005)
2.	Bivalacqua, Trinity J: 11 articles (09/2015 - 02/2005)
3.	Xia, Yang: 8 articles (06/2014 - 04/2008)
4.	Musicki, Biljana: 7 articles (09/2015 - 05/2006)
5.	Morey, Allen F: 6 articles (10/2015 - 11/2007)
6.	Champion, Hunter C: 6 articles (09/2015 - 02/2005)
7.	Muneer, Asif: 5 articles (10/2014 - 09/2008)
8.	Ralph, David J: 5 articles (10/2014 - 09/2008)
9.	Wen, Jiaming: 5 articles (06/2014 - 03/2010)
10.	Zhang, Yujin: 5 articles (06/2014 - 03/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Priapism:

1.	Etilefrine (Thomasin)IBA 12/01/1986 - "These observations strongly suggest that the intracavernous injection of etilefrine hydrochloride is effective in treating not only iatrogenic priapism but also priapism due to other etiologies. " 07/03/1999 - "Etilefrin can be proposed as first line treatment for priapism in sickle-cell patients (at least in cases lasting less than 24 h). " 05/01/2005 - "We describe a case of a young patient with recurrent idiopathic priapism who has used etilefrine self-injection for the past 10 years with good efficacy and libido and erectile function preservation. " 05/01/2005 - "Intracavernosal etilefrine self-injection therapy for recurrent priapism: one decade of follow-up." 07/01/2001 - "Management of sickle cell priapism with etilefrine."
2.	Terbutaline (Brethaire)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1994 - "It has been suggested that terbutaline, a beta-agonist, might be beneficial in treating priapism in this setting. " 06/01/2011 - "Bet 1: The effectiveness of oral terbutaline in treatment of priapism." 08/01/1997 - "Treatment of intermittent idiopathic priapism with oral terbutaline." 04/01/1994 - "Oral terbutaline for the treatment of priapism." 12/01/1990 - "Re: Treatment of persistent erection and priapism using terbutaline."
3.	Alprostadil (Muse)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2005 - "However, Tx produces a longer duration of erection and more priapism than PgE1." 07/01/2005 - "PgE1 produced higher end diastolic velocity, shorter duration of erection and less priapism. " 08/01/2003 - "The incidence of priapism has fallen with the introduction of prostaglandin E1 monotherapy as the favoured drug for ICI therapy of erectile failure." 08/01/2003 - "The use of prostaglandin E1 as the drug of choice in ICI therapy in 1989 led to a fall in the incidence of ICI-induced priapism. " 02/01/1999 - "Priapism after transurethral alprostadil."
4.	AdenosineFDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2008 - "These findings provide insight regarding the molecular basis of priapism and suggest that strategies to either reduce adenosine or block A2BR activation may prove beneficial in the treatment of this disorder." 09/01/2010 - "Recent studies have revealed a novel role of excess adenosine in priapism caused by heightened cavernosal relaxation, and therefore present an intriguing mechanism-based therapeutic possibility. " 06/01/2014 - "Overall, we reveal that excess adenosine-mediated ADORA2B signaling underlies reduced penile PDE activity by decreasing PDE5 gene expression in a HIF-1α-dependent manner and provide new insight for the pathogenesis of priapism and novel therapies for the disease." 08/01/2012 - "Finally, elevated adenosine coupled with ADORA2BR activation is responsible for priapism, a dangerous complication seen in SCD. " 08/01/2012 - "In contrast, elevated adenosine signaling contributes to sickling and multiple life threatening complications including tissue damage, pulmonary dysfunction and priapism. "
5.	Adrenergic Agonists (Adrenergic Receptor Agonist)IBA 07/01/2011 - "Priapism still contributes seriously to the comorbidity experienced by this previously inaccessible group of patients and medical prophylaxis with oral α-adrenergic agonists is feasible. " 04/01/2002 - "We underscore the utility of combined cavernous lavage + adjuvant alpha-1 adrenergic agonist as initial therapy in priapism with this special etiology." 01/01/2000 - "ICI of adrenergic agonists is one of the best treatment currently available for management of priapism in patients with sickle cell disease. " 01/01/2000 - "Intracavernous injection (ICI) of adrenergic agonists has recently been proposed for treatment of priapism associated with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy and appears to be effective in cases less than 28 hours old. " 09/01/2006 - "Ischemic priapism is associated with cavernosal acidosis, which decreases the efficacy of adrenergic agonists. "
6.	PapaverineIBA 02/01/2002 - "The hospital stay was significantly shorter among patients with papaverine-induced or brief priapism. " 02/01/2002 - "The main cause of priapism was idiopathic or intracavernosal injection with papaverine. " 02/01/2001 - "We identified color Doppler sonography findings that are useful for predicting priapism in patients after the intracavernous injection of diagnostic papaverine. " 02/01/2001 - "The prediction of papaverine induced priapism by color Doppler sonography." 12/01/1996 - "We found no earlier report of priapism induced by oral papaverine. "
7.	sildenafil (Viagra)FDA Link 07/01/2014 - "Priapism frequency reduction by 50% did not differ between sildenafil and placebo groups by intention-to-treat or per protocol analyses (P = 1.0). " 01/01/2013 - "Sildenafil citrate-restored eNOS and PDE5 regulation in sickle cell mouse penis prevents priapism via control of oxidative/nitrosative stress." 05/01/2012 - "We report the development of low flow priapism in three patients related to simultaneous consumption of sildenafil with pomegranate (Punica granatum) (POM) juice. " 05/01/2012 - "Priapism, pomegranate juice, and sildenafil: Is there a connection?" 11/01/2011 - "Sildenafil was successful in decreasing the frequency of priapism; however, our patient experienced an increased frequency of vasoocclusive crises, something not previously addressed. "
8.	Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2006 - "High-dose intracavernosal phenylephrine administration is safe and effective in the management of ischemic priapism. " 10/01/2014 - "The present study was conducted to provide support for a standard protocol of early administration of phenylephrine in patients with a sustained erection after diagnostic intracavernosal injection of vasoactive agents to prevent the deleterious effects of iatrogenic priapism. " 09/01/2008 - "This study has shown that patients with ischaemic priapism that fails to respond to conventional doses of an alpha-agonist are unlikely to benefit from continual or high-dose phenylephrine administration, as there is usually widespread apoptosis of the cavernosal smooth muscle preventing further contraction." 10/01/2014 - "All of the patients receiving prophylactic phenylephrine had complete detumescence of erections without adverse events, including no priapism cases. " 10/01/2014 - "Prophylactic phenylephrine for iatrogenic priapism: a pilot study with Peyronie's patients."
9.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 04/01/2013 - "Safety data from the clinical trials for AndroGel 1% did not report any cases of priapism, and its incidence in the postmarketing pharmacovigilance data is extremely low, indicating a minimal risk of inducing priapism." 01/01/2015 - "Larger, prospectively gathered data are needed to define the priapism profile of SCD patients with testosterone deficiency." 01/01/2015 - "Testosterone deficiency is prevalent in patients with SCD; however, we did not identify an association based on a history of priapism. " 01/01/2015 - "There was no difference in mean total testosterone levels in patients with and without a history of priapism (16.7±4.9 nmol/L and 15.4±5.9 nmol/L, respectively) (p=0.43). " 01/01/2015 - "Testosterone deficiency was observed in 11 of the 50 (22%) patients, particularly in 6 of 24 (25%) patients with histories of priapism. "
10.	Hydroxyurea (Hydrea)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1996 - "After the episode of priapism has abated and detumescence has occurred, we recommend that the patient be given the option of beginning a trial of hydroxyurea or another antisickling agent." 09/01/2004 - "Hydroxyurea was then re-introduced, and priapism disappeared. " 09/01/2004 - "Hydroxyurea was then introduced at the initial dose of 10 mg/kg, and as the hydroxyurea dosage increased, the number or length of priapism episodes decreased. " 09/01/2004 - "Priapism is one of the complications that could be prevented by hydroxyurea, but there are few reports demonstrating the results. " 05/01/1998 - "Hydroxyurea in the treatment of sickle cell associated priapism."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Penile Prosthesis (Penile Implants) 10/01/2015 - "Re: Malleable Penile Prosthesis is a Cost-Effective Treatment for Refractory Ischemic Priapism." 05/01/2015 - "Re: Malleable penile prosthesis is a cost-effective treatment for refractory ischemic priapism." 03/01/2015 - "Malleable penile prosthesis is a cost-effective treatment for refractory ischemic priapism." 04/01/2015 - "Re: Penile prosthesis insertion in patients with refractory ischaemic priapism: early vs delayed implantation." 03/01/2015 - "Acute insertion of a malleable penile prosthesis (MPP) has been reported as an effective therapy that treats the priapism and restores sexual function. "
2.	Injections 09/01/2009 - "Prolonged erection or priapism occurred in 14 cases (1.3% of intracavernous injections). " 05/01/2009 - "Systemic therapy could be considered if the priapism is not considered an emergency, and if intracavernous injections or surgical treatment are declined." 11/01/1995 - "The safety was excellent for 95.6% of injections and no case of priapism was observed. " 09/17/1994 - "Priapism is the main secondary effect of intracavernous injections." 01/01/1994 - "Priapism occurred twice on a total of 1,290 injections. "
3.	Penile Implantation 01/01/1996 - "This study evaluates the efficacy of early penile prosthesis implantation in patients with priapism associated with sickle cells disease. " 05/01/2006 - "Penile prosthesis implantation in men who have fibrotic corpora as the result of ischemic priapism or previous removal of an infected penile prosthesis poses a significant challenge to the implanting surgeon. " 05/01/2006 - "Corporeal excavation permits penile prosthesis implantation in men with severe intracorporeal fibrosis usually resulting from priapism or previous removal of infected penile prostheses." 07/01/1995 - "Eleven patients who underwent penile prosthesis implantation required simultaneous corporeal reconstruction due to prior prosthesis infection and/or erosion in 6, priapism in 2 and Peyronie's disease in 1. One patient underwent prior neophallus construction with a tubularized abdominal wall flap for gender reassignment and 1 had congenitally deficient corporeal bodies. "
4.	Anesthesia 01/01/2010 - "There are a number of case reports of sexual side effects, such as priapism, painful ejaculation, penile anesthesia, loss of sensation in the vagina and nipples, persistent genital arousal and nonpuerperal lactation in women. " 08/01/1983 - "Priapism and anesthesia: new considerations." 06/01/2015 - "Adequate anesthesia for emergency department management of painful penile conditions such as paraphimosis or priapism is often both technically challenging and inconsistent using traditional landmark-based techniques of the dorsal penile block (DPB). " 06/01/2009 - "We report the case of a 17-year-old adolescent boy who presented to the emergency department with acute onset of back pain that woke him from sleep, progressing to paralysis and anesthesia of lower extremities, accompanied by priapism. " 11/01/1991 - "Benztropine mesylate was used successfully to treat priapism that developed during anesthesia in 2 horses. "
5.	Blood Transfusion (Blood Transfusions) 07/01/2015 - "SCD patients represent a demographically distinct subgroup of priapism patients with different patterns of resource use manifested by longer hospital stays and more blood transfusions. " 03/01/2006 - "The current literature does not support the contention that blood transfusion is an effective therapy in the treatment of priapism due to SCA, as defined by an acceleration of TTD. " 03/01/2006 - "All relevant papers identified from a MEDLINE search were systematically examined for data related to the use of blood transfusion in the setting of priapism due to SCA. " 03/01/2006 - "This paper reviews and summarizes the effectiveness and risks of blood transfusion compared with conventional priapism therapy. " 01/01/1991 - "We report priapism in a Libyan boy with sickle cell anaemia, managed successfully by blood transfusion."