Premenstrual Syndrome (Premenstrual Tension)

A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

Also Known As:

Networked: 796 relevant articles (73 outcomes, 144 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Pain)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Acne Vulgaris
4.	Migraine Disorders (Migraine)
5.	Breast Diseases (Breast Disease)

Experts

1.	Freeman, Ellen W: 10 articles (05/2012 - 06/2002)
2.	Bäckström, Torbjörn: 6 articles (01/2009 - 01/2003)
3.	Bäckström, T: 5 articles (07/2015 - 06/2000)
4.	Bertone-Johnson, Elizabeth R: 5 articles (01/2014 - 06/2005)
5.	Rapkin, Andrea J: 5 articles (11/2013 - 05/2006)
6.	Sondheimer, Steven J: 5 articles (12/2011 - 06/2002)
7.	Rickels, Karl: 5 articles (12/2011 - 10/2002)
8.	Hankinson, Susan E: 4 articles (01/2014 - 06/2005)
9.	Johnson, Susan R: 4 articles (01/2014 - 06/2005)
10.	Rubinow, David R: 4 articles (06/2012 - 07/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Premenstrual Syndrome:

1.	ProgesteroneFDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1983 - "Used appropriately, progesterone is an effective, apparently safe treatment for severe premenstrual syndrome. " 03/01/1995 - "To further investigate the efficacy of progesterone in the treatment of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 09/01/1999 - "Controlled studies have failed to confirm early open-label reports of the effectiveness of progesterone in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. " 12/01/1997 - "Given the facilitory actions on GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission exerted by certain progesterone metabolites, further studies on the GABAA receptor system in premenstrual syndrome are warranted. " 12/01/1993 - "This study did not find evidence of progesterone deficiency amongst sufferers of the premenstrual syndrome."
2.	Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)FDA Link 09/01/1988 - "LHRH agonists appear to be beneficial in the management of some women with severe premenstrual tension but intensify symptoms in others. " 02/01/1991 - "Although abolishment of ovarian cyclicity by the use of a long-acting GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) provides effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome (PMS), its use is limited by sequellae of the resultant hypoestrogenism. " 11/22/1984 - "In a crossover study conducted over a six-month period in eight patients with well-characterized premenstrual syndrome, physical and behavioral symptoms were relieved by daily administration of an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. " 06/01/1994 - "The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ovarian suppression by a GnRH agonist analogue in 32 women with prospectively confirmed severe premenstrual tension. " 05/01/1993 - "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in depot form for once-a-month rather than daily injection was examined in a small open trial to determine the extent of reduction of premenstrual symptoms, particularly premenstrual "depression." Women who met criteria for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or for PMS with comorbidity of major depression (MD), based on DSM-III-R criteria, were evaluated for the study. "
3.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 06/01/2012 - "Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors have well-established efficacy for severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. " 12/01/2011 - "To research the effect of the Jingqianshu granule (JQS) on the expression of serotonin receptor-1A (5-HT(1A)R) in hippocampus and hypothalamus of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) model rats with Liver-qi depression. " 02/01/2004 - "The authors compared the efficacy and acceptability of continuous versus intermittent treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with severe premenstrual syndrome and determined the effects of postmenstrual symptom severity and depression history as covariates of the treatment response. " 09/01/1994 - "This result supports other evidence implicating serotonin in premenstrual syndrome." 09/01/1992 - "The role of serotonin in premenstrual syndrome."
4.	Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 10/01/1999 - "Studies show that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective for severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. " 06/01/2012 - "Non-hormonal approaches to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) treatment such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are by no means effective for all women and frequently we must resort to endocrine therapy. " 10/01/2006 - "Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, but few studies have investigated the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 09/30/2000 - "Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review." 01/01/2000 - "Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered the first-line treatment option for premenstrual syndrome, several other such options are also available. "
5.	CalciumIBA 01/01/2000 - "A recent double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 466 women with premenstrual syndrome reported that calcium was effective in reducing emotional, behavioral, and physical premenstrual symptoms. " 05/01/1989 - "Calcium supplementation is a simple and effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but further studies will be needed to determine its precise role in PMS." 06/01/2009 - "Scientific evidence suggests that cyclic fluctuations in a variety of nutrients, especially calcium, may help to explain some features of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 05/01/1989 - "To determine the efficacy of calcium supplementation in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 05/01/1989 - "Calcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial."
6.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 06/01/2002 - "The serotonergic antidepressants consistently show efficacy for severe premenstrual syndromes (PMSs) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and are the first-line treatment for these disorders. " 10/01/1999 - "The comparison of 2 classes of antidepressants strongly favored the serotonergic drug, which effectively reduced symptoms and improved functioning and was well tolerated by women with severe premenstrual syndrome. " 10/01/1999 - "Differential response to antidepressants in women with premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a randomized controlled trial." 06/01/1990 - "Premenstrual syndrome in three generations responds to antidepressants." 04/01/1989 - "There are no reports on treatment of premenstrual syndrome with antidepressants, although depression is a common symptom of the syndrome. "
7.	Vitamin B 6IBA 04/01/2000 - "Poor-quality studies suggest that vitamin B(6) use is beneficial in premenstrual syndrome." 04/01/2000 - "Poor-quality studies suggest that vitamin B6 use is beneficial in premenstrual syndrome." 05/01/2015 - "A total of 30 participants aged 16-20 years and complaining of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were randomly assigned into two groups: a control group received vitamin B6 and Ca supplements once daily and a study group received the same medical treatment and participated in treadmill training three times per week for 3 months. " 12/01/2012 - "According to our findings, vitamin B6 and placebo had the most and least efficiency in improving the mean premenstrual syndrome score." 04/01/1997 - "Analogous to recommendations for treatment of side effects of early pregnancy and premenstrual syndrome, use of vitamin B6 has been recommended for the treatment of side effects of oral contraceptive (OC) use. "
8.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1998 - "Fluoxetine in 10-mg doses presented the best results for treating premenstrual syndrome." 05/01/1993 - "To assess the possible efficacy of fluoxetine hydrochloride in severe PMS (premenstrual syndrome, luteal phase dysphoric disorder), an open trial of this medication was undertaken on women with severe PMS. " 07/01/2002 - "The largest number of antidepressant treatment trials in premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) have been conducted with fluoxetine. " 05/01/1993 - "Open trial of fluoxetine therapy for premenstrual syndrome." 01/01/1993 - "Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with fluoxetine: an open study."
9.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 12/01/2011 - "To study the distribution pattern, the protein expressions, and changes of functional activities of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta in the hippocampus of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) rats of Gan-qi depression syndrome (GDS), and to find out corresponding effect targets of Jingqianshu Granule (JG), thus providing clues for exploring the pathogenesis of PMS of GDS and the mechanisms of JG. " 10/01/2014 - "Effect of estrogen receptor gene ESR1 polymorphism on development of premenstrual syndrome." 01/01/1985 - "Cyclical mood changes as in the premenstrual tension syndrome during sequential estrogen-progestagen postmenopausal replacement therapy." 12/02/1965 - "[Treatment of the premenstrual syndrome with a gestagen-estrogen preparation]." 02/01/1963 - "[ON ESTROGEN EXCRETION IN WOMEN WITH THE PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME]."
10.	Pyridoxine (Pyridoxin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1985 - "Controlled trial of pyridoxine in the premenstrual syndrome." 09/01/1997 - "Treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome with Vitex agnus castus controlled, double-blind study versus pyridoxine." 11/01/1988 - "Pyridoxine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a retrospective survey in 630 patients." 06/15/1985 - "Pyridoxine and the premenstrual syndrome." 05/18/1985 - "Pyridoxine overdose in premenstrual syndrome."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Ovariectomy (Oophorectomy) 01/01/1990 - "Lasting response to ovariectomy in severe intractable premenstrual syndrome." 04/01/2005 - "Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe premenstrual syndrome." 09/01/2004 - "Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe premenstrual syndrome." 01/01/1990 - "Ovariectomy with low-dose estrogen replacement is an effective alternative for the woman with debilitating premenstrual syndrome who does not respond to conventional interventions." 01/01/1990 - "The effect of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy in women with severe premenstrual syndrome."
2.	Estrogen Replacement Therapy 01/01/1990 - "Ovariectomy with low-dose estrogen replacement is an effective alternative for the woman with debilitating premenstrual syndrome who does not respond to conventional interventions." 01/01/1990 - "Surgical therapy, involving oophorectomy, hysterectomy, and continuous estrogen replacement, is effective in relieving the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and is indicated for a small, selected group of women." 01/01/1990 - "Fourteen women with severe, debilitating premenstrual syndrome volunteered for a study of therapy by hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and continuous estrogen replacement. " 02/01/2002 - "The aim of this study was to compare adverse mood effects of two different doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women with and without a history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 12/01/2000 - "The aim of this study was to compare side effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethindrone acetate during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy in women with and without a history of premenstrual syndrome. "
3.	Contraception (Birth Control) 03/01/2014 - "Premenstrual syndrome symptomatology among married women of fertile age based on methods of contraception (hormonal versus non-hormonal methods of contraception)." 09/01/2009 - "This objective evaluation provides a promising approach for managing premenstrual syndrome and birth control." 04/12/2003 - "In France, because of its general anti-estrogenic properties and effects (mastodynia, premenstrual syndrome) a pure progestagen contraceptive is not officially indicated in the case of contraception alone. " 01/01/2001 - "Reasons for insertion were as follows: 21.7% contraception only; 65.2% menorrhagia, 24.6% dysmenorrhoea and 1.4% premenstrual syndrome. " 08/01/1984 - " The use of OC in dysmenorrhea is recommended in women who are young, sexually active and who seek contraception, and relief of symptoms related to dysmenorrhea where secondary dysmenorrhea and premenstrual tension syndrome has been ruled out. "
4.	Hysterectomy 09/01/1992 - "Hysterectomy was associated with a 66% reduction in mean premenstrual tension (PMT) severity for both psychological and physical symptoms (p less than 0.005). " 09/01/1992 - "The premenstrual syndrome: amelioration of symptoms after hysterectomy." 06/01/1985 - "In an attempt to obtain further information on the aetiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), the endocrine changes following enucleation of the corpus luteum in the mid-luteal phase of the cycle were studied in seven patients with PMS, and the results compared to details of seven control patients undergoing hysterectomy for menstrual problems. " 06/01/1985 - "Prolonged follicular phase and depressed gonadotrophins following hysterectomy and corpus lute-ectomy in women with premenstrual tension syndrome." 05/01/1981 - "Daily symptom ratings were recorded in seven women with premenstrual tension syndrome for one month before and for up to two months after hysterectomy. "
5.	Massage (Reflexology) 12/01/1993 - "Thirty-five women who complained of previous distress with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were randomly assigned to be treated by ear, hand, and foot reflexology or to receive placebo reflexology. " 09/01/2014 - "It was sought to assess the effectiveness of acupressure Vs reflexology on premenstrual syndrome among adolescents. " 08/01/2004 - "This study was aimed to identify the effect of self-foot reflexology on the relief of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea in high school girls. " 08/01/2004 - "[The effect of self-foot reflexology on the relief of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea in high school girls]." 02/01/2011 - "Eight RCTs suggested that reflexology is effective for the following conditions: diabetes, premenstrual syndrome, cancer patients, multiple sclerosis, symptomatic idiopathic detrusor over-activity and dementia yet important caveats remain. "