Prolonged Pregnancy

A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.

Also Known As:

Networked: 425 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 45 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia)
2.	Oligohydramnios
3.	Obesity
4.	Fetal Distress
5.	Premature Birth (Birth, Premature)

Experts

1.	Nicolaides, K H: 4 articles (10/2008 - 07/2003)
2.	Perrotin, Franck: 3 articles (01/2021 - 12/2014)
3.	Winer, Norbert: 3 articles (01/2021 - 07/2013)
4.	Vladic, Tomislav: 2 articles (04/2022 - 10/2009)
5.	Guleria, Kiran: 2 articles (02/2021 - 07/2014)
6.	Suneja, Amita: 2 articles (02/2021 - 07/2014)
7.	Diguisto, Caroline: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2017)
8.	Girardi, Guillermina: 2 articles (01/2021 - 12/2020)
9.	Giraudeau, Bruno: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2017)
10.	Groupe de Recherche en Obstétrique et Gynécologie (GROG): 2 articles (01/2021 - 12/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Prolonged Pregnancy:

1.	Dinoprostone (PGE2)FDA Link 06/01/1989 - "For the present, however, only PGE2 has been clearly shown to improve perinatal outcome in prolonged pregnancy, and its use is an alternative to antepartum surveillance when the cervical status is unfavorable. " 01/01/2009 - "Acute increase in uterine artery RI due to dinoprostone use may end with persistent non-reassuring FHR pattern in prolonged pregnancies. " 01/01/2009 - "Is there any relation between development of persistent non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern and acutely increased uterine artery vascular flow resistance during dinoprostone use in prolonged pregnancies?" 03/01/2008 - "to show that the ambulatory management of prolonged pregnancy with PGE2 gel decreases the cesarean delivery and prenatal morbidity rates. " 03/01/2008 - "[Ambulatory treatment of prolonged pregnancy with prostaglandin E2 gel]."
2.	Oxytocin (Pitocin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1979 - "[Evaluation of the results of the functional oxytocin test (FOT) and a study of beta 1-glycoprotein (GP-1) in cases of prolonged pregnancy]." 01/01/2021 - "When the cervix is unfavourable, cervical ripening before oxytocin administration is recommended to increase the likelihood of vaginal delivery, but no particular method is currently recommended for cervical ripening of prolonged pregnancies. " 01/01/2012 - "In summary, myometrium from prolonged pregnancies contracts poorly in vitro even when stimulated with oxytocin and in active labour. " 09/01/1991 - "The data suggest that fetal breathing movements are predictive of the effectiveness of oxytocin induction in prolonged pregnancies." 09/01/1991 - "Fetal breathing movements before oxytocin induction in prolonged pregnancies."
3.	ProstaglandinsIBA 10/01/2015 - "This study showed that the use of prostaglandins for cervical ripening and by confirming the diagnosis of prolonged pregnancy, the delivery outcome in prolonged pregnancy can be improved. " 01/01/2000 - "[The use of prostaglandins in prolonged pregnancy and their effect on the newborn infant]." 10/01/1994 - "[Prolonged pregnancy--prostaglandins as the cause of labor onset]." 07/01/2005 - "The purpose of this study was to determine whether 3-dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasound examination of the cervix can predict the success of labor induction with prostaglandin in prolonged pregnancy. " 05/01/2013 - "Cesarean delivery rate is not significantly influenced by any indication of induction of labor with prostaglandins, except for prolonged pregnancy. "
4.	Mifepristone (RU 486)FDA Link 07/01/2015 - "To study the safety and efficacy of oral mifepristone in pre-induction cervical ripening and induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy. " 07/01/2015 - "Safety and Efficacy of Oral Mifepristone in Pre-induction Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labour in Prolonged Pregnancy." 10/01/2000 - "To compare the effect of mifepristone with placebo on cervical ripening before labor induction in prolonged pregnancies. " 01/01/1995 - " Other uses of prostaglandins associated with RU-486 include: 1) therapeutic pregnancy interruption late in the first trimester and afterwards; 2) the use of RU-486 to induce labor when there is abnormally prolonged pregnancy, particularly if there is cervical dysfunction; and 3) the use of RU-486 at the end of the cycle has been proposed for induction of menses."
5.	isosorbide-5-mononitrate (Ismo)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2020 - "This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of intravaginal isosorbide mononitrate (IMN) for cervical ripening in prolonged pregnancies. " 12/01/2014 - "Outpatient cervical ripening with vaginal isosorbide mononitrate for prolonged pregnancy in nulliparous women does not reduce cesarean delivery rate. " 01/01/2021 - "Letter to editor: comments on manuscript titled "intravaginal administration of isosorbide mononitrate for cervical ripening in prolonged pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial"." 08/01/2020 - "Intravaginal administration of isosorbide mononitrate for cervical ripening in prolonged pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial." 08/01/2020 - "According to results of the current study; using isosorbide mononitrate in combination with misoprostol could enhance successful vaginal delivery in prolonged pregnancy. "
6.	Pravastatin (Pravachol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2022 - "Conclusion: Pravastatin treatment prolonged pregnancy duration and improved associated obstetrical outcomes in pregnancies complicated with uteroplacental insufficiency disorders in cohort studies. "
7.	AntithrombinsIBA 11/01/2020 - "The administration of recombinant human antithrombin in preterm preeclampsia neither prolonged pregnancy nor improved neonatal or maternal outcomes."
8.	Tadalafil (Cialis)FDA Link 01/01/2020 - "Moreover, tadalafil prolonged pregnancy period, and improved survival and growth of the embryos. "
9.	ProgesteroneFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2021 - "The aims of this study were to clarify the following: (1) how often does prolonged pregnancy ≥34 weeks occur in patients with emergent cerclage without progesterone and (2) the risk factors preventing such pregnancy continuation. " 10/01/1983 - "Hepatic in vivo lipogenesis is elevated in both mother and fetus during prolonged pregnancy and the results indicate that progesterone may have a specific effect on hepatic lipogenesis." 01/01/1981 - "Progesterone, injected into pregnant rats on the last days of pregnancy, prolonged pregnancy and prevented parturition. " 04/01/1979 - "(2) In the progesterone-induced prolonged pregnancy group, the rate of UPBF remained at an 8% level until the the 22nd day, i.e., the first day of prolonged pregnancy, and dropped to 6.6% on the 23rd day. " 11/01/1963 - "[INFLUENCE OF PROGESTERONE TREATMENT IN PREGNANCY IN CONNECTION WITH PROLONGED PREGNANCY]."
10.	EnzymesIBA 07/01/1978 - "An ultrahistochemical study of the placental content of respiratory enzymes in normal and prolonged pregnancies." 01/01/1973 - "[Histoenzymatic study of some hydrolytic enzymes in the fetal membranes in term delivery and prolonged pregnancy]." 01/01/1972 - "[Histoenzymatic studies on some oxidative-reductive enzymes in the amnion during term delivery and prolonged pregnancy]." 01/01/1966 - "[Enzyme studies on the placenta in premature and full-term delivery and in prolonged pregnancy]." 11/01/1978 - "[Various enzymes of energy metabolism in venous blood of pregnant women and in umbilical cord blood in cases of prolonged pregnancy]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Induced Labor 10/01/2018 - "The present study suggested that acupuncture applied at term of pregnancy seems to be effective in reducing the rate of labor induction which is performed for prolonged pregnancy at 41 + 5 weeks. " 06/01/2014 - "The present study demonstrated that acupuncture applied every odd day for one week seems ineffective in reducing the rate of labor induction performed for prolonged pregnancy at 41 + 5 weeks. " 09/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of specific variations in health caregiver communication on women's preferences for induction of labor for prolonged pregnancy. " 12/01/2011 - "On the contrary, limited conclusions about associations between prolonged pregnancies and labor inductions are due to insufficient data and the lack of high quality studies. " 01/01/2009 - "Induction of labor is commonly offered to women with prolonged pregnancy, and evidence from randomized controlled studies suggest that inpatient and outpatient induction achieve comparative maternal and fetal outcomes. "
2.	Cervical Cerclage 12/01/2023 - "Persistent inhibition of uterine contraction after cervical cerclage prolonged pregnancy duration, increased gestational age at delivery, and improved pregnancy outcomes.What" 08/01/2004 - "Emergency cervical cerclage in early second trimester effectively prolonged pregnancy compared to emergency cerclage performed in late second trimester." 02/01/2014 - "In women with prolapsed fetal membranes but no signs of infection or painful uterine contractions, emergency cervical cerclage prolonged pregnancy duration as compared with expectant management."
3.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 03/01/2018 - "This study was carried out with the intention to know the timing and mode of delivery in asymptomatic low risk women using second trimester ultrasonographic cervical length measurement and predict the risk of pretermlabor, prolonged pregnancy and need for caesarean section. " 03/01/1996 - "Overall rates of 75% for spontaneous delivery, and 25% for cesarean section have been observed in our study group of prolonged pregnancies. " 01/01/2022 - "In humans, prolonged pregnancy is associated with increasing perinatal mortality, neonatal compromise and birth by Caesarean section. " 12/28/2017 - "Between February-July 2014, we piloted the feasibility and acceptability of collecting maternal stool, baby stool and cord blood samples from participants recruited at prolonged pregnancy and planned pre-labour caesarean section clinics at University College London Hospital. " 10/30/2017 - "Many women with prolonged pregnancy and/or their clinicians elect not to induce, and chose either elective caesarean section (ECS) or expectant management (EM). "
4.	Catheters 06/01/2015 - "553 women with uncomplicated prolonged pregnancies between January 2011 and January 2012, divided into 303 women (54.8%) with Foley catheter induction and 250 (45.2%) with spontaneous labor. " 06/01/2015 - "Management of prolonged pregnancy by induction with a Foley catheter." 06/01/2015 - "To describe labor outcomes in women with prolonged pregnancy and induction of labor with a Foley catheter, as compared with women with spontaneous onset of labor. " 06/01/2015 - "Foley catheter induction of labor in prolonged pregnancy did not increase maternal or perinatal morbidity compared with spontaneous onset of labor but was associated with a considerably increased cesarean section rate, particularly among nulliparous women." 01/01/1991 - "Invasive monitoring of central pressures with a Swan-Ganz catheter demonstrated that the clinical status could be stabilized and the pregnancy prolonged in 5 of the 10 women with severe pre-eclampsia. "
5.	Therapeutics 12/01/2020 - "The triple therapy increased serum NO levels, diminished uteroplacental vessels resistance improving placental function and prolonged pregnancies compared to conventional treatment LMWH + LDA, leading to live births in women with OAPS. " 08/03/1967 - "[On the diagnosis and therapy of prolonged pregnancy]." 02/24/1967 - "[Therapy of prolonged pregnancy]." 07/16/1966 - "[Diagnosis and therapy of prolonged pregnancy]." 04/25/1964 - "[APROPOS OF THE DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF PROLONGED PREGNANCY]."