Prolonged Pregnancy

A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.

Also Known As:

Networked: 281 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 21 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Oligohydramnios
2.	Fetal Distress
3.	Headache (Headaches)
4.	Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia)
5.	Rupture

Experts

1.	Nicolaides, K H: 3 articles (10/2008 - 07/2003)
2.	Verspyck, Eric: 2 articles (12/2014 - 07/2013)
3.	Winer, Norbert: 2 articles (12/2014 - 07/2013)
4.	Szumiło, Justyna: 2 articles (06/2012 - 01/2012)
5.	Burdan, Franciszek: 2 articles (06/2012 - 01/2012)
6.	Figueras, F: 2 articles (11/2004 - 10/2004)
7.	Vanrell, J A: 2 articles (11/2004 - 10/2004)
8.	Palacio, M: 2 articles (11/2004 - 10/2004)
9.	Cararach, V: 2 articles (11/2004 - 10/2004)
10.	Zamora, L: 2 articles (11/2004 - 10/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Prolonged Pregnancy:

1.	Dinoprostone (PGE2)FDA Link 06/01/1989 - "For the present, however, only PGE2 has been clearly shown to improve perinatal outcome in prolonged pregnancy, and its use is an alternative to antepartum surveillance when the cervical status is unfavorable. " 01/01/2009 - "Acute increase in uterine artery RI due to dinoprostone use may end with persistent non-reassuring FHR pattern in prolonged pregnancies. " 01/01/2009 - "Is there any relation between development of persistent non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern and acutely increased uterine artery vascular flow resistance during dinoprostone use in prolonged pregnancies?" 03/01/2008 - "to show that the ambulatory management of prolonged pregnancy with PGE2 gel decreases the cesarean delivery and prenatal morbidity rates. " 03/01/2008 - "[Ambulatory treatment of prolonged pregnancy with prostaglandin E2 gel]."
2.	Oxytocin (Pitocin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2001 - "The incidence of persistent occiput posterior position was significantly greater among primiparas (2.4%) than multiparas (1.3%; P <.001; 95% confidence interval 1.4, 2.4) and was associated with significantly higher incidences of prolonged pregnancy, induction of labor, oxytocin augmentation of labor, epidural use, and prolonged labor. " 01/01/1979 - "[Evaluation of the results of the functional oxytocin test (FOT) and a study of beta 1-glycoprotein (GP-1) in cases of prolonged pregnancy]." 01/01/2012 - "In summary, myometrium from prolonged pregnancies contracts poorly in vitro even when stimulated with oxytocin and in active labour. " 01/01/1992 - "Labor characteristics after intracervical application of 0.5 mg prostaglandin (PG) E2 gel (n = 83) versus intravenous administration of oxytocin (n = 82) for labor induction were investigated in uncomplicated prolonged pregnancies with unripe cervix. " 09/01/1991 - "The data suggest that fetal breathing movements are predictive of the effectiveness of oxytocin induction in prolonged pregnancies."
3.	ProstaglandinsIBA 10/01/2015 - "This study showed that the use of prostaglandins for cervical ripening and by confirming the diagnosis of prolonged pregnancy, the delivery outcome in prolonged pregnancy can be improved. " 05/01/2013 - "Cesarean delivery rate is not significantly influenced by any indication of induction of labor with prostaglandins, except for prolonged pregnancy. " 01/01/2000 - "[The use of prostaglandins in prolonged pregnancy and their effect on the newborn infant]." 10/01/1994 - "[Prolonged pregnancy--prostaglandins as the cause of labor onset]." 01/01/1995 - " Other uses of prostaglandins associated with RU-486 include: 1) therapeutic pregnancy interruption late in the first trimester and afterwards; 2) the use of RU-486 to induce labor when there is abnormally prolonged pregnancy, particularly if there is cervical dysfunction; and 3) the use of RU-486 at the end of the cycle has been proposed for induction of menses."
4.	Mifepristone (RU 486)FDA Link 07/01/2015 - "To study the safety and efficacy of oral mifepristone in pre-induction cervical ripening and induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy. " 07/01/2015 - "Safety and Efficacy of Oral Mifepristone in Pre-induction Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labour in Prolonged Pregnancy." 10/01/2000 - "To compare the effect of mifepristone with placebo on cervical ripening before labor induction in prolonged pregnancies. " 01/01/1995 - " Other uses of prostaglandins associated with RU-486 include: 1) therapeutic pregnancy interruption late in the first trimester and afterwards; 2) the use of RU-486 to induce labor when there is abnormally prolonged pregnancy, particularly if there is cervical dysfunction; and 3) the use of RU-486 at the end of the cycle has been proposed for induction of menses."
5.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 09/25/1971 - "[Studies of the estrogen excretion in prolonged pregnancies]." 01/01/1979 - "I. Estrogen secretion in prolonged pregnancy]." 09/01/1972 - "[Pregnancy prolonged by one month in a black variegated cow with reduced blood estrogen values]." 03/01/1971 - "Urinary estrogen excretion in prolonged pregnancies." 11/01/1970 - "[Dependence of the level of total estrogen excretion upon the duration of prolonged pregnancy and its value in assessing the status of the fetus]."
6.	EnzymesIBA 01/01/1973 - "[Histoenzymatic study of some hydrolytic enzymes in the fetal membranes in term delivery and prolonged pregnancy]." 01/01/1972 - "[Histoenzymatic studies on some oxidative-reductive enzymes in the amnion during term delivery and prolonged pregnancy]." 01/01/1995 - "Gene expression of fatty acid synthesizing enzymes in fetal rat lung in prolonged pregnancy." 11/01/1978 - "[Various enzymes of energy metabolism in venous blood of pregnant women and in umbilical cord blood in cases of prolonged pregnancy]." 01/01/1975 - "The lower content of energetic material and changes in the activity of the enzymes shows that the metabolism of the myometrial cell is impaired in prolonged pregnancy. "
7.	ProgesteroneFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PG-E2 on the expression of the progesterone (PR), androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors in human uterine cervix in prolonged pregnancy. " 10/01/1983 - "Hepatic in vivo lipogenesis is elevated in both mother and fetus during prolonged pregnancy and the results indicate that progesterone may have a specific effect on hepatic lipogenesis." 01/01/1981 - "Progesterone, injected into pregnant rats on the last days of pregnancy, prolonged pregnancy and prevented parturition. " 04/01/1979 - "(2) In the progesterone-induced prolonged pregnancy group, the rate of UPBF remained at an 8% level until the the 22nd day, i.e., the first day of prolonged pregnancy, and dropped to 6.6% on the 23rd day. " 11/01/1963 - "[INFLUENCE OF PROGESTERONE TREATMENT IN PREGNANCY IN CONNECTION WITH PROLONGED PREGNANCY]."
8.	HormonesIBA 04/01/1967 - "[Cytological hormone study in the evaluation of prolonged pregnancy]." 09/01/1974 - "[Effect of complex therapy on the excretion of certain steroid hormones in women with prolonged pregnancy]." 02/01/1970 - "[Hormone evaluation in prolonged pregnancy]." 11/01/1969 - "[The materno-fetal unit in biologically prolonged pregnancy: relation between the maternal hormone state, the clinical aspect of the newborn and the histological and histochemical structure of the placenta]." 04/01/1958 - "[Treatment of prolonged pregnancy with follicular hormones]."
9.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1995 - "Identifiable maternal risk factors included a mother in her 3rd decade of life, multiparity, maternal weight of 70 kg or more at the end of pregnancy, prolonged or post-term pregnancy, abnormal glucose tolerance and previous history of a macrosomic infant. " 03/01/1974 - "[Determination of total protein and glucose content in the amniotic fluid for differential diagnosis of prolonged pregnancy]." 10/01/1999 - "When the insulin secretory responses to 10mmol/l glucose in islets obtained from normal-pregnancy and prolonged-pregnancy rats were tested, each insulin secretory response correlated well with the values of plasma lactogenic activity throughout the period of pregnancy and lactation. " 12/01/1981 - "Pregnancy prolonged until day 23.5 resulted in a rise in the glucagon/insulin ratio from 6.5 to 67 in fetuses from control rats and from 1.3 to 13 in fetuses from glucose-infused rats. " 03/24/1974 - "[Biochemical amniotic fluid studies in prolonged pregnancy and pathologic pregnancy courses (rest nitrogen, urea, creatinine, glucose)]."
10.	CreatinineIBA 04/01/1973 - "[Creatinine content in the amniotic fluid in prolonged pregnancy]." 07/01/1981 - "[Estrogen/creatinine index in prolonged pregnancy]." 06/01/1971 - "[Bilirubin concentrations and endogenous creatinine clearance in newborn infants delivered from prolonged pregnancies, term pregnancies and premature infants]." 03/24/1974 - "[Biochemical amniotic fluid studies in prolonged pregnancy and pathologic pregnancy courses (rest nitrogen, urea, creatinine, glucose)]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 03/01/1996 - "Overall rates of 75% for spontaneous delivery, and 25% for cesarean section have been observed in our study group of prolonged pregnancies. " 07/01/2013 - "In prolonged pregnancies, the cesarean section rate-especially the emergency cesarean rate-is multiplied by approximately 1.5 (grade B). " 05/01/2013 - "The risk of cesarean section was significantly higher only in prolonged pregnancy (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.18-3.34). " 09/01/2012 - "The induction of labour during week 41 in prolonged pregnancies may increase the rate of caesarean sections in hospitals with low rates of caesarean sections." 06/01/2012 - "Induction of labor for prolonged pregnancy in low-risk patients soon after the 41 weeks, reduces the proportion of small-for-gestational age babies, but increases the mean hospital stay as well as the need for delivery by caesarean section, including that for failed induction."
2.	Induced Labor 04/01/1990 - "The results of this study suggest that induced labor is safe, effective and practical in the management of prolonged pregnancies." 01/01/1995 - "[Is induced labor justified in diabetes, macrosomia and prolonged pregnancy?]." 01/01/1993 - "[Is induced labor in prolonged pregnancy still sensible]." 06/01/1988 - "[Induced labor in prolonged pregnancy]." 01/01/1976 - "[Induced labor in prolonged pregnancy]."
3.	Tocolysis 09/01/1994 - "Combination tocolytic therapy prolonged pregnancy by a mean (+/- standard deviation) of 61 +/- 23.6 days in 751 women with intact membranes and by 20.5 +/- 17.4 days in 249 with ruptured membranes. " 06/01/1990 - "Eight of the 15 patients receiving tocolysis had their pregnancies prolonged by 2 weeks or more, and there were no fetal or neonatal deaths in this group. " 07/01/2014 - "Maintenance tocolysis with OMP significantly prolonged pregnancy and decreased the number of preterm births. " 01/01/1986 - "From a clinical point of view, the authors call attention to the clearly prolonged pregnancy periods regardless of the duration of gestation, at the time when a trend is emerging toward premature birth, as compared with exclusive betamimetic therapy, the duration of tocolysis/amount of betamimetic applied being the same." 01/01/2012 - "Oral nifedipine in patients with preterm labour pain as Tocolytic therapy has significantly prolonged pregnancy with lesser neonatal problems and fewer maternal adverse effects."
4.	Catheters 06/01/2015 - "553 women with uncomplicated prolonged pregnancies between January 2011 and January 2012, divided into 303 women (54.8%) with Foley catheter induction and 250 (45.2%) with spontaneous labor. " 06/01/2015 - "To describe labor outcomes in women with prolonged pregnancy and induction of labor with a Foley catheter, as compared with women with spontaneous onset of labor. " 06/01/2015 - "Management of prolonged pregnancy by induction with a Foley catheter." 06/01/2015 - "Foley catheter induction of labor in prolonged pregnancy did not increase maternal or perinatal morbidity compared with spontaneous onset of labor but was associated with a considerably increased cesarean section rate, particularly among nulliparous women." 01/01/1991 - "Invasive monitoring of central pressures with a Swan-Ganz catheter demonstrated that the clinical status could be stabilized and the pregnancy prolonged in 5 of the 10 women with severe pre-eclampsia. "
5.	Cervical Cerclage 08/01/2004 - "Emergency cervical cerclage in early second trimester effectively prolonged pregnancy compared to emergency cerclage performed in late second trimester." 02/01/2014 - "In women with prolapsed fetal membranes but no signs of infection or painful uterine contractions, emergency cervical cerclage prolonged pregnancy duration as compared with expectant management."