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Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A)

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A product of the PLACENTA, and DECIDUA, secreted into the maternal circulation during PREGNANCY. It has been identified as an IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-4 protease that proteolyzes IGFBP-4 and thus increases IGF bioavailability. It is found also in human FIBROBLASTS, ovarian FOLLICULAR FLUID, and GRANULOSA CELLS. The enzyme is a heterotetramer of about 500-kDa.

Also Known As:

PAPP-A; IGFBP-4 Metalloproteinase; IGFBP-4 Protease; IGFBP-4-Specific Proteinase; Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Dependent IGF Binding Protein-4 Protease; Insulin-Like-Growth Factor Binding Protein-4 Protease; PAPP-alpha; Pregnancy Associated alpha Plasma Protein; Pregnancy-Associated alpha-Plasma Protein; IGFBP 4 Metalloproteinase; IGFBP 4 Protease; Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4 Protease; Insulin Like Growth Factor Dependent IGF Binding Protein 4 Protease; Metalloproteinase, IGFBP-4; PAPP alpha; Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A; Protease, IGFBP-4

Networked: 788 relevant articles (24 outcomes, 145 trials/studies)

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Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Nicolaides, K H: 51 articles (09/2015 - 05/2000)
2.	Nicolaides, Kypros H: 40 articles (11/2015 - 10/2002)
3.	Spencer, K: 39 articles (09/2015 - 02/2000)
4.	Conover, Cheryl A: 30 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)
5.	Spencer, Kevin: 25 articles (11/2013 - 10/2002)
6.	Oxvig, Claus: 20 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)
7.	Wright, D: 20 articles (07/2015 - 05/2008)
8.	Kagan, K O: 18 articles (04/2013 - 09/2007)
9.	Bale, Laurie K: 14 articles (10/2015 - 04/2002)
10.	Christiansen, Michael: 13 articles (03/2015 - 03/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Down Syndrome (Down's Syndrome) 01/01/2006 - "First trimester screening using maternal age, NT, free beta-hCG and PAPP-A is highly effective for the detection of trisomy 21 and is associated with a sensitivity of about 90% for 5% false-positive patients." 06/01/1998 - "This study evaluates diagnostic efficacy of PAPP-A and F beta-hCG in the detection of first trimester pregnancy abnormalities, including Down syndrome (DS). " 04/01/2014 - "in our study population the detection rate for trisomy 21, using the combined risk calculation based on maternal age, fetal NT, maternal PAPP-A and free β-hCG levels, was superior to the application of either parameter alone. " 01/01/2014 - "Previous studies showed that soluble LHCGR/hCG-sLHCGR concentrations in serum or plasma combined with PAPP-A and free βhCG significantly increased the sensitivity of Down's syndrome screen at early pregnancy without altering the false positive rate. " 07/01/2009 - "This study has validated the new risk algorithm and demonstrated that in combined screening for trisomy 21 based on maternal age, fetal NT and free beta-hCG and PAPP-A the detection rate is about 90% for a 3% false-positive rate."
2.	Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia) 10/01/2005 - "The combination of first trimester serum PAPP-A and uterine artery mean PI at 22-24 weeks improves the screening efficacy for the prediction of pre-eclampsia." 01/01/2014 - "Some studies have demonstrated an even more pronounced decrease of PAPP-A in the early second trimester of pregnancy in women who subsequently develop preeclampsia compared with women who do not develop preeclampsia. " 01/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to determine the serum values of β-hCG in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and PAPP-A values in the first trimester of pregnancy in pregnant women with risk factors for preeclampsia, in order to evaluate their relevance in the prediction of this disorder. " 01/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the values of concentration of PAPP-A in assessment of progress and outcome of pregnancy in pregnant women diagnosed with threatening preterm delivery, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction in relation to physiological pregnancy of the same gestational age. " 12/01/2011 - "Our study indicates the association of TT genotype of Cys327Cys polymorphism of the PAPP-A gene with preeclampsia. "
3.	Acute Coronary Syndrome 01/01/2015 - "In this study 927 patients with CAD (534 with stable angina and 393 with acute coronary syndrome [ACS]) and 217 patients without CAD and measured PAPP-A levels were included. " 03/01/2012 - "Recent studies have reported that elevated levels of PAPP-A, signal the onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). " 05/01/2011 - "This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the levels of circulating PAPP-A and the mid-term outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. " 09/01/2007 - "Previous studies have shown PAPP-A to be a significant marker of plaque instability and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes. " 07/01/2005 - "A special emphasis was placed on those that address the development of methods for the detection of PAPP-A in human serum/plasma and those that study the diagnostic/prognostic accuracy of PAPP-A in patients with acute coronary syndrome. "
4.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 04/01/2015 - "Following confirmation of mAb-PA bioavailability and target efficacy in vivo, the antitumor efficacy of mAb-PA in multiple Ovatar tumor models was examined and the response was found to depend on PAPP-A expression. " 10/13/2015 - "In experimental animals, PAPP-A accelerates ovarian tumor growth by this mechanism. " 12/01/2014 - "PAPP-A staining in tumor tissue was detected in 45 of 46 specimens. " 12/01/2014 - "PAPP-A has been implicated in several cancers. " 04/01/2011 - "Investigation of angiogenesis indicated that overexpression of PAPP-A favored development of mature tumor vasculature and that tumor precursors of PAPP-A-28 in particular had a significantly higher degree of vascularization months before obvious tumor development. "
5.	Chromosome Aberrations (Chromosome Abnormalities) 11/01/2013 - "Recent studies suggest that PAPP-A may be involved in clinical conditions related to unwanted cellular growth, and the circulating levels of PAPP-A is an established biomarker in prenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities. " 11/01/2009 - "The measurement sensitivity of the fetal nuchal translucency in detection of the fetal chromosomal abnormalities was 80% and sensitivity of serum concentrations of PAPP-A and free beta-HCG was 40% and 80%. " 11/01/2009 - "Estimation the sensitivity of the fetal nuchal translucency measurement, biochemical concentrations of PAPP-A and free beta-HCG in detection of the fetal chromosomal abnormalities. " 06/01/2009 - "In the absence of chromosome abnormality, pregnancy outcomes were defined as 'normal' in at least 30% and 'good' in at least 60%, with both percentages increasing as the PAPP-A level rose. " 02/01/2008 - "Low levels of maternal serum PAPP-A are associated, in the absence of an abnormal karyotype, with an increased risk of preterm or early preterm delivery. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A)
2.	Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
3.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)
4.	alpha-Fetoproteins (AFP)
5.	Placental Hormones
6.	Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-1)
7.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)
8.	Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoproteins
9.	Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMP)
10.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Stents
2.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section)
3.	Ligation
4.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients)
5.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis)