Polyps

Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.

Also Known As:

Networked: 5622 relevant articles (214 outcomes, 664 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Adenoma (Adenomas)
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Polyps
4.	Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis)
5.	Hemorrhage

Experts

1.	Baron, John A: 28 articles (11/2015 - 01/2003)
2.	Rex, Douglas K: 22 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Sandler, Robert S: 20 articles (11/2015 - 07/2002)
4.	Potter, John D: 19 articles (03/2015 - 07/2002)
5.	Lanza, Elaine: 17 articles (04/2015 - 06/2003)
6.	Schatzkin, Arthur: 17 articles (04/2012 - 06/2003)
7.	Müller, Werner E G: 15 articles (09/2015 - 06/2011)
8.	Wang, Xiaohong: 15 articles (09/2015 - 06/2011)
9.	Schröder, Heinz C: 15 articles (09/2015 - 06/2011)
10.	Giardiello, Francis M: 15 articles (12/2014 - 03/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Polyps:

1.	Sulindac (Copal)FDA LinkGeneric 02/20/1996 - "A second study reported that intervention with the NSAID sulindac for 9 months in young patients with FAP resulted in a significant reduction in both polyp number and size in the rectosigmoid colon. " 11/01/2008 - "Sulindac is effective in the reduction and often in the elimination of numerous smaller pouch polyps. " 11/01/2008 - "Future studies are necessary to determine the role of sulindac and other chemotherapeutic agents in preventing the development of these polyps." 08/01/2007 - "Participants in the Phase IIb study served as a vanguard for a randomized, placebo-controlled prospective Phase III trial of the combination of DFMO and sulindac with the primary study endpoint the prevention of colon polyps. " 09/01/1995 - "Despite attempts to reduce polyp mass by regular endoscopic polypectomy, daily transfusions of blood products, and a trial of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent sulindac, his condition gradually deteriorated and he died of septicaemia."
2.	BariumIBA 06/01/1996 - "We proceed to discuss the efficacy of barium studies versus gastroscopy in detecting these lesions, the relative roles and merits of endoscopic polypectomy and surgery, and the importance of prolonged follow-up of patients harbouring gastric polyps." 01/01/2008 - "Barium contrast study of the esophagus and esophagoscopy demonstrated a fibrovascular polyp. " 12/01/2000 - "Since this diagnosis, she has undergone follow-up, and barium radiologic and endoscopic studies have shown multiple polyps of various sizes from the stomach throughout the small intestine and to the colon. " 11/01/2000 - "Giant hyperplastic polyps in the stomach may be manifested by distinctive findings on double-contrast barium studies, appearing as polypoid lesions with multiple lobulated components that form a conglomerate mass. " 01/08/2000 - "The results of clinical studies show comparable results for endoscopy and virtual colonoscopy for the detection of clinically relevant polyps (> or = 1 cm) and better results of virtual colonoscopy than of conventional barium studies. "
3.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "The planned subgroup analyses of patients who elected to continue on study for more than one year found a significant reduction in the size of the largest polyp in the aspirin versus non-aspirin group (p = 0.02), Mean crypt length decreased significantly over time on study in the two combined RS groups, compared with the two combined non-RS groups (p < 0.0001 for interaction), in a model of the interaction between intervention and time. " 06/01/2010 - "A small study of aspirin in FAP patients produced no statistically significant reduction in polyp number but a possible reduction in polyp size. " 12/01/2013 - "Aspirin treatment resulted in a non-significant reduction in polyp number and a significant reduction in polyp size among patients treated with aspirin for more than 1 year. " 09/01/2008 - "Thirty-nine consecutively desensitized patients, taking 300 mg aspirin, showed significant improvement of olfaction and polyp-free nasal passages during the first year of therapy. " 02/01/2012 - "In this study the results of daily intake of low-dose aspirin on polyp recurrence at 4-year follow-up are presented. "
4.	celecoxib (Celebrex)FDA Link 02/01/2006 - "A global qualitative analysis suggested that celecoxib was also effective in reducing duodenal polyps. " 05/17/2006 - "Celecoxib shown effective in preventing colon polyps." 10/01/2005 - "(4) A trial focusing on the prevention of colorectal polyps showed that cardiovascular events occurred two to three times more frequently with celecoxib than with placebo. " 10/01/2014 - "Mice in the celecoxib-treated or LHD4-treated groups had total polyp volumes of 47.0±9.7 and 120.1±45.2 mm, respectively, which represented decreases of 65.6 and 22.3% from the control (154.5±33.5 mm). " 01/01/2013 - "In intention-to-treat analysis, deceased polyp density was observed after celecoxib/placebo treatment (p=0.029), whereas increased polyp density was observed after celecoxib/UDCA treatment (p=0.014). "
5.	SteroidsIBA 11/01/2012 - "In the 12-week treatment evaluation of nasal polyposis, pretreatment with oral steroids had no significant advantage for most nasal symptoms other than earlier relief; however, combined oral and nasal steroid therapy more effectively improved hyposmia, polyps size, and nasal airflow. " 09/01/2008 - "Intranasal steroids are beneficial in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with sinonasal polyps. " 05/01/2006 - "Oral steroids caused a significant improvement in all nasal symptoms and improved polyp size (2.1 +/- 0.1, P < .05) and nasal flow (560 +/- 35 cm/s, P < .05) compared with nontreated patients (2.8 +/- 0.1 and 270 +/- 34 cm/s, respectively). " 09/01/2008 - "To determine if intranasal steroids (INS) are useful in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with polyps. " 07/01/2010 - "Little information exists on the impact of baseline polyp size and previous nasal surgery on the efficacy of intranasal steroids. "
6.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 02/07/1987 - "Topical corticosteroids are effective in the treatment of nasal polyposis, but in extensive and obstructive polyps surgery is required. " 05/01/2010 - "Corticosteroids typically have been regarded as the gold standard medical treatment for sinonasal polyps. " 01/01/2012 - "Topical corticosteroids also prevented polyp recurrence after surgery (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.79, P = 0.0004; six trials, n = 437). " 01/01/2012 - "Topical corticosteroids also decreased the polyp score (SMD -0.73; 95% CI -1.00 to -0.46, P < 0.00001; three trials, n = 237) and had a greater proportion of patients with a reduction in polyp size (responders) (RR 2.09; 95% CI 1.65 to 2.64, P < 0.00001; eight trials, n = 785) when compared to placebo. " 12/01/2009 - "Systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of the articles identified by two independent reviewers of all randomized controlled trials that had evaluated intranasal corticosteroids in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without polyps. "
7.	Budesonide (Pulmicort)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2015 - "Budesonide transnasal nebulization significantly reduced polyp size compared with placebo (mean difference between groups, -0.73 units; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.32 units; P = .002) and improved symptoms. " 04/01/2012 - "Additionally, the patients treated with nebulized budesonide showed more obvious improvement in nasal symptoms and polyp size than control group. " 04/01/2012 - "A short course of nebulized budesonide transnasal inhalation can rapidly improve nasal symptoms, reduce polyp size, and does not cause obvious HPA axis suppression. " 05/01/2006 - "Intranasal budesonide maintained the improvement on nasal symptoms, polyp size, and nasal flow. " 01/01/2005 - "Budesonide modulates galectin-7 expression differently in the surface epithelia of polyps from allergic and non-allergic patients."
8.	TamoxifenFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "The LNG-IUS in tamoxifen users led to a significant reduction in the incidence of endometrial polyps (Peto odds ratio 0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.61). " 11/01/2003 - "In tamoxifen-treated women, sonohysterography provides a significant improvement in sensitivity for diagnosis of endometrial polyps compared with endometrial biopsy." 01/01/2014 - "This analysis verifies the efficacy of the LNG-IUS in preventing tamoxifen-induced polyps. " 09/01/2009 - "This study confirms that LNG-IUS induces benign endometrial changes and prevents endometrial polyps but only during its use in women taking tamoxifen. " 09/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in tamoxifen (TAM)-associated endometrial polyps and postmenopausal polyps. "
9.	Betamethasone (Celestone)FDA Link 06/01/2000 - "We found that betamethasone nasal drops showed a statistically significant reduction in polyp size in comparison to placebo." 03/01/1998 - "Macroscopic polyps were significantly fewer in animals given betamethasone, while there was no difference regarding the number of microscopic polyps. " 03/01/1998 - "Effect of systemic pretreatment with betamethasone on the bacterial flora, inflammatory response, and polyp formation in experimentally infected rabbit maxillary sinus mucosa." 01/01/2015 - "Betamethasone was effective in reducing the size of polyps, but was associated with increased reports of mild side effects, nasal bleeding and discomfort.Risk" 01/01/2013 - "Betamethasone was effective in reducing the size of polyps, but was associated with increased reports of mild side effects, nasal bleeding and discomfort.Risk"
10.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2012 - "In the prednisolone group, patients with polyps grade 3 and endoscopic signs of meatal discharge showed significantly less improvement in total NSS, PEFI, and TNPS than patients with grade 1-2 size and negative metal discharge. " 11/01/2012 - "At the end of the 2-week oral steroid phase, the prednisolone group showed significantly greater improvements in all nasal symptoms, nasal airflow, and polyp size than the placebo group. " 12/01/2011 - "In the prednisolone-treated group, patients with grade 3 polyps and positive nasal endoscopy showed significantly less improvement in TNSS, PEFI and TNPS than patients with grades 1-2 size and with negative nasal endoscopy. " 12/01/2011 - "The prednisolone-treated group showed significantly greater improvements in all nasal symptoms, nasal flow and polyp size than the placebo-treated group (p < 0.001, all). " 07/01/2006 - "Objectively, there was significant reduction in polyp size, as noted with nasendoscopy (P < .001) and MRI (P < .001), only in the prednisolone-treated group. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Enema (Enemas) 07/01/2002 - "The need for colonic cleansing could be eliminated, if stool were to acquire a signal intensity different from polyps and identical to the enema used to fill and distend the colon. " 02/01/2011 - "There was significantly more retained left colonic fluid post enema (mean score 1.9 vs 1.1, p<0.0001), and diagnostic confidence in excluding polyps was significantly reduced (exclusion not possible in 35% segments vs 21% without enema, p = 0.006). " 10/01/2009 - "CT scan and small bowel enema failed to demonstrate this polyp, and required a small bowel capsule endoscopy to finally reach a diagnosis. " 07/01/2002 - "In principle, there are two approaches to this concept of fecal tagging: dark polyps surrounded by bright stool and a bright enema, and bright polyps surrounded by dark stool and a dark enema. " 03/01/1998 - "Fifty-three polyps were found by FS; nine were removed by biopsy prior to the enema examination. "
2.	Colectomy 07/01/2013 - "Combined endolaparoscopic surgery appears to be a safe and effective alternative to colectomy in all parts of the colon in patients who have benign polyps not removable with colonoscopy alone." 03/01/2007 - "Laparoscopic colectomy offers safe and effective management of these polyps with the benefits of accelerated postoperative recovery." 09/01/2005 - "Laparoscopic colectomy offers safe and effective management of these polyps with the benefits of early postoperative recovery." 03/01/1988 - "Spontaneous resolution of rectal polyps in patients with familial polyposis following abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis." 05/01/2005 - "We concluded that patients referred for surgical resection of a polyp should undergo repeat colonoscopy preoperatively, given that in our study one-third of patients were spared unnecessary colectomy. "
3.	Colonoscopes 03/01/2014 - "The new colonoscope had less image blurring, improved subjective quality of stored images, and increased the proportion of high confidence endoscopic estimates of polyp histology, but did not improve accuracy in estimating polyp histology." 10/01/2012 - "There was no difference between high- and standard-definition colonoscopes when white light was used, but FICE significantly improved the in vivo diagnosis of small polyps when high-definition scopes were used compared with standard definition." 10/01/2011 - "To assess the efficacy of a cap attached to the tip of a colonoscope for detection and resection of polyps by experienced colonoscopists. " 01/01/2007 - "A hood attached to the tip of the colonoscope has been reported to be helpful in detecting and removing colorectal polyps. " 04/01/2009 - "This study evaluated the ability of the Olympus Exera 180 high-definition colonoscope (Olympus America, Inc, Center Valley, PA), with narrow-band imaging, to predict colorectal polyp histology. "
4.	Lasers (Laser) 02/01/2015 - "Although clinical experience is limited, endoscopic laser treatment seems to be effective for the single, pedunculated ureteral polyps, while dismembered pyeloplasty is required for the broad based, multilobulated polyps. " 09/01/2015 - "Improvement in the visibility of colorectal polyps by using blue laser imaging (with video)." 08/01/2013 - "However, further refinement of our probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy classification scheme in future studies has potential to accurately detect advanced histology in colorectal polyps." 01/01/1989 - "This study determined the optimum laser energy for ablation of colonic mucosal lesions and small sessile polyps in the canine colon. " 02/01/2015 - "Further resection with a flexible ureteroscopy confirmed the presence of a benign fibroepithelial polyp and the stalk remnant was ablated with a laser. "
5.	Surgical Instruments (Clip) 01/01/2012 - "The jumbo biopsy forceps is superior to the standard forceps in removing small, sessile polyps. " 12/01/2013 - "Cold biopsy forceps polypectomy (CBP) is commonly used for the removal of diminutive polyps; however, evidence for the efficacy of CBP is lacking. " 04/01/2015 - "In the current study, it was aimed to compare efficacy and safety of standard and jumbo forceps polypectomy methods in treatment of diminutive colon polyps of ≤5 mm. " 02/01/2015 - "Recent studies have demonstrated that cold polypectomy should be considered the recommended approach for resecting diminutive polyps and that cold snaring may be superior to cold forceps biopsy, at least for polyps of 4-5 mm. Recently, electronic chromoendoscopy has been applied to characterization of diminutive polyps to discriminate adenomatous from nonadenomatous lesions. " 07/01/2014 - "A total of 203 polyps were included in the study (98 in the clip group and 105 in the endoloop group). "