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Polymyalgia Rheumatica (Rhizomelic Pseudopolyarthritis)

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A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.

Also Known As:

Rhizomelic Pseudopolyarthritis; Forestier Certonciny Syndrome; Peri-Extra-Articular Rheumatism; Pseudopolyarthritides, Rhizomelic; Rheumatism, Peri Extra Articular; Rhizomelic Pseudopolyarthritides; Syndrome, Forestier-Certonciny; Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome; Pseudopolyarthritis, Rhizomelic; Rheumatism, Peri-Extra-Articular

Networked: 520 relevant articles (28 outcomes, 44 trials/studies)

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Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Giant Cell Arteritis (Horton Disease)
2.	Rheumatoid Arthritis
3.	Osteoporosis
4.	Vasculitis (Vasculitides)
5.	Arteritis

Experts

1.	Salvarani, Carlo: 14 articles (05/2014 - 04/2002)
2.	Boiardi, Luigi: 10 articles (05/2014 - 04/2002)
3.	Salvarani, C: 10 articles (05/2008 - 05/2000)
4.	Blanco, R: 9 articles (09/2015 - 07/2000)
5.	Macchioni, Pierluigi: 8 articles (08/2013 - 04/2002)
6.	Pipitone, Nicolò: 7 articles (05/2014 - 11/2005)
7.	Gonzalez-Gay, M A: 7 articles (06/2012 - 09/2000)
8.	Blanco, Ricardo: 6 articles (06/2015 - 08/2004)
9.	Pulsatelli, Lia: 6 articles (08/2013 - 04/2002)
10.	Martínez-Taboada, V M: 6 articles (01/2012 - 07/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Polymyalgia Rheumatica:

1.	GlucocorticoidsIBA 01/01/2011 - "the mainstay of treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is oral glucocorticoids, but randomized controlled trials of treatment are lacking. " 01/01/2015 - "Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) affects older people, and although glucocorticoids are effective in treating PMR, they frequently result in side effects. " 08/01/2013 - "Glucocorticoids (GC) are the mainstay of treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). " 09/01/2011 - "Glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). " 12/01/2015 - "Whole-body MRI of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica identifies a distinct subset with complete patient-reported response to glucocorticoids."
2.	Prednisone (Sone)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2008 - "Under a working diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) her prednisone dose was increased, leading to a complete remission.; her symptoms resolved and the ESR normalized. " 05/01/2011 - "In this manuscript we report on an n=1 trial in a patient using prednisone for polymyalgia rheumatica. " 09/13/1993 - "We describe a patient who presented with the polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome but did not respond to a trial of prednisone. " 03/01/2014 - "A 79-year-old woman, who has suffered from polymyalgia rheumatica since July 2012, was treated with prednisone at a daily dose of 20 mg. Radiography of thoracic and lumbar spine verified the reduction of body height of T 12, L3 and L4 vertebrae. " 01/01/2011 - "Another patient, a 71-year-old male, was treated with prednisone for polymyalgia rheumatica. "
3.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/2011 - "To study the initial dose of corticoids prescribed by rheumatologists in the Côte d'Or, a French department of Burgundy, in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), the clinical and biological data of patients who consulted rheumatologists of the Côte d'Or between March 2006 and December 2008 for PMR were collected. " 01/01/2016 - "Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of the therapy of polymyalgia rheumatica. " 02/01/2015 - "Until then, clear guidelines on the future incidence and prevalence of polymyalgia rheumatica and the public health problems of the disease and its management, especially in relation to the use of long term corticosteroids, will be difficult to provide." 09/01/2011 - "Conversely, corticosteroids are the drug of choice to treat polymyalgia rheumatica. " 01/01/2011 - "She was diagnosed with polymyalgia rheumatica and started on corticosteroids. "
4.	SteroidsIBA 11/08/2006 - "A 81-year-old patient with a six month history of upper extremity tenderness, most likely due to an atypical presentation of a polymyalgia rheumatica, responded well to a course of systemic steroids. " 06/01/2010 - "Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is among the most common reasons for long-term steroid prescription with great heterogeneity in presentation, response to steroids and disease course. " 05/01/2007 - "A reliable alternative to steroids for treating polymyalgia rheumatica has not yet been identified. " 11/01/2005 - "Low-dose steroids given for a suspected polymyalgia rheumatica caused only minimal and transient improvement. " 08/01/2005 - "Before admission, she was treated by steroids for polymyalgia rheumatica. "
5.	C-Reactive ProteinIBA 09/17/2006 - "It should be noted, that polymyalgia rheumatica may also be present if the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein values are low. " 07/01/2004 - "In active polymyalgia rheumatica, FDG uptake was significantly correlated with C reactive protein (r = 0.8), ESR (r = 0.79), and platelet counts (r = 0.68). " 08/15/2001 - "The presence of constitutional symptoms (OR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.77, P = 0.01), polymyalgia rheumatica (OR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.48, P = 0.02), and C-reactive protein level (OR = 0.35 per SD; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.92, P = 0.03) were associated with a reduced risk. " 12/01/2000 - "The diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) was made from the clinical symptoms, elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. " 08/01/2000 - "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the evaluation of disease activity and severity in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective follow-up study."
6.	tocilizumab FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "Tocilizumab is effective against polymyalgia rheumatica: experience in 13 intractable cases." 05/01/2010 - "Tocilizumab ameliorates clinical symptoms in polymyalgia rheumatica." 10/01/2013 - "Effective control of polymyalgia rheumatica with tocilizumab." 08/01/2013 - "Tocilizumab for polymyalgia rheumatica: report of two cases and review of the literature." 06/01/2013 - "[Tocilizumab for treatment of large vessel vasculitis and polymyalgia rheumatica]."
7.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "As polymyalgia rheumatica was suspected, oral prednisolone (PSL) of 10 mg/day was started. " 01/21/2011 - "Two days prior to admission, her general practitioner began to administer prednisolone for treatment of a diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica. " 04/01/2010 - "He had been taking prednisolone for the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica since 2000. " 01/01/2010 - "Given the profile suggestive of Polymyalgia Rheumatica started prednisolone 10 mg/day with favorable clinical response. " 11/01/2006 - "In 1997, at the age of 68, a man was admitted with polymyalgia rheumatica, which was successfully treated with oral prednisolone. "
8.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 03/01/2012 - "The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical, laboratorial, and therapeutical response of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) to anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) treatment. " 11/01/2000 - "2q13) and TNF-alpha gene are associated with susceptibility to or severity of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). " 01/15/2008 - "Tumor necrosis factor blocking agents in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis." 08/01/2000 - "To determine whether giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) are associated with different tumor necrosis factor (TNF) microsatellite polymorphisms. " 08/01/2000 - "Association of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica with different tumor necrosis factor microsatellite polymorphisms."
9.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)IBA 09/01/1997 - "The sequential analysis of T lymphocyte subsets and interleukin-6 in polymyalgia rheumatica patients as predictors of disease remission and steroid withdrawal." 01/01/2009 - "Higher levels of serum IL-6 were found in EORA patients with polymyalgia rheumatica-like symptoms than in those without and were also noted in male patients with EORA compared with female patients. " 08/15/2008 - "Serum interleukin-6 receptor in polymyalgia rheumatica: a potential marker of relapse/recurrence risk." 04/01/2006 - "To assess the role of -174 G/C promoter polymorphism of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the susceptibility to polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). " 04/01/2006 - "Relationship between interleukin 6 promoter polymorphism at position -174, IL-6 serum levels, and the risk of relapse/recurrence in polymyalgia rheumatica."
10.	infliximab (Remicade)FDA Link 05/01/2007 - "Adding infliximab to the treatment regimen for polymyalgia rheumatica." 04/01/2003 - "To investigate whether infliximab has a steroid-sparing effect in the treatment of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) who are resistant to corticosteroid (CS) therapy and have had CS-related side effects. " 04/01/2003 - "Treatment of refractory polymyalgia rheumatica with infliximab: a pilot study." 10/01/2007 - "[Infliximab is ineffective against giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica]." 06/01/2003 - "In addition, Infliximab was also used with a good response in severe Polymyalgia rheumatica in 4 cases and in one case of a cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 06/01/2000 - "Corticosteroid injections in polymyalgia rheumatica: a double-blind, prospective, randomized, placebo controlled study." 04/01/2002 - "Local injections in polymyalgia rheumatica." 06/01/2000 - "To determine the efficacy and safety of shoulder corticosteroid injections in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). " 06/01/2002 - "CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ANS KEY POINTS: In polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) unassociated with giant cell arteritis (GCA) (twice as frequent as GCA without PMR) several recent works demonstrated by MRI or echography that synovitis and/or subacromial bursitis accounted for most of the painful shoulders and could be relieved by steroid injections. " 01/01/1982 - "Eleven (14%( of 80 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome (PMR-S) recovered spontaneously within one year; two of them had received repeated injections of depot steroids before remission occurred. "
2.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 03/01/1991 - "A prospective clinical study of 23 patients with giant-cell arteritis (GCA) and/or polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) was undertaken in order to assess the behaviour of the non-specific markers of the disease activity, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and other acute phase markers, particularly the C-reactive protein (CPR) and serum amyloid A apolipoprotein (apo SAA) levels during induction of disease remission by prednisone therapy, and possible further recurrence of GCA and/or PMR. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 03/01/1988 - "Twenty-three patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) followed in an academic rheumatology practice frequently reported symptoms commonly found in the recently described "chronic fatigue syndrome" or "chronic Epstein-Barr infection syndrome." These symptoms persisted for months after treatment had reduced the severity of the myalgias and lowered the sedimentation rate: periodically disabling fatigue (33%), recurrent pharyngitis (30%), sleep disorder (65%) and arthralgias (70%). " 03/01/2014 - "Drug-associated polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis occurring in two patients after treatment with ipilimumab, an antagonist of ctla-4." 02/21/1994 - "We assessed the diagnostic value of CD8+ levels in a larger group of patients with temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica before and after treatment with prednisolone and in relation to patients with other medical and rheumatic diseases. "
4.	Intramuscular Injections 12/01/1991 - "In a prospective study of 16 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica the effects of regular intramuscular injections of methylprednisolone over 12 months were evaluated. " 12/01/1991 - "Treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica with intramuscular injections of depot methylprednisolone." 12/01/1991 - "These results will be further evaluated in a controlled trial using intramuscular injections of methylprednisolone and prednisolone given by mouth for the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica."
5.	Kidney Transplantation 06/01/2002 - "Eleven patients had coexistent systemic disease: renal disease (six patients, including three post renal transplantation); valvular cardiac disease (two patients); one patient each had alcoholic cirrhosis, glioblastoma multiforme (on chemotherapy), and rheumatoid arthritis/polymyalgia rheumatica. " 01/01/1996 - "Underlying diseases were leukaemia (n = 11), aplastic anaemia (n = 2), non-Hodgkin-lymphoma (n = 1), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 1), kidney transplantation (n = 1), peritonitis after Billroth II anastomosis (n = 1), Polymyalgia rheumatica (n = 1), AIDS plus Burkitt lymphoma (n = 1), glioblastoma (n = 1), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (n = 1). "