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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Syndrome, Stein-Leventhal)

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A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.

Also Known As:

Syndrome, Stein-Leventhal; Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome; Sclerocystic Ovarian Degeneration; Sclerocystic Ovaries; Sclerocystic Ovary Syndrome; Ovarian Degeneration, Sclerocystic; Ovarian Syndrome, Polycystic; Ovarian Syndromes, Polycystic; Ovaries, Sclerocystic; Ovary Syndrome, Polycystic; Ovary, Sclerocystic; Sclerocystic Ovary; Stein Leventhal Syndrome; Syndrome, Polycystic Ovary; Stein-Leventhal Syndrome

Networked: 5063 relevant articles (214 outcomes, 793 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infertility (Sterility)
2.	Insulin Resistance
3.	Hirsutism
4.	Hyperandrogenism
5.	Hyperinsulinism (Hyperinsulinemia)

Experts

1.	Panidis, Dimitrios: 51 articles (01/2015 - 09/2003)
2.	Orio, Francesco: 48 articles (11/2015 - 02/2003)
3.	Legro, Richard S: 47 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
4.	Palomba, Stefano: 47 articles (05/2014 - 02/2003)
5.	Azziz, Ricardo: 46 articles (01/2015 - 06/2002)
6.	Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia: 40 articles (11/2015 - 11/2003)
7.	Zullo, Fulvio: 40 articles (06/2015 - 02/2003)
8.	Nestler, John E: 36 articles (03/2015 - 02/2002)
9.	Katsikis, Ilias: 34 articles (01/2015 - 08/2005)
10.	Falbo, Angela: 33 articles (05/2014 - 10/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:

1.	Metformin (Glucophage)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2006 - "The results showed that metformin is highly effective in normalizing menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (the overall response rate was 69%, with 88% of responders achieving normal cyclicity), especially with a treatment duration of 6 months or longer (the response rate was 40% higher for women who were treated with metformin for >6 months vs. 3-6 months, 77% vs. 55%)." 11/01/2005 - "Metformin is very effective in achieving menstrual regularity, ovulation and pregnancy in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome." 01/01/2002 - "The objective of the study was to find predictors of a successful therapy with metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome. " 05/22/2005 - "Long-term metformin treatment resulted in significant improvement of the symptoms of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome." 01/01/2013 - "BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that metformin may be more effective in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are non-obese. "
2.	Clomiphene (Clomifene)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1996 - "However, ovarian volume in the Clomiphene Citrate nonresponders was significantly greater than in Clomiphene Citrate responders in the polycystic ovarian syndrome group. " 04/01/2011 - "Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate and timed intercourse is as effective as that with intrauterine insemination for achieving pregnancy in polycystic ovary syndrome and could represent the initial treatment option, being less invasive and less expensive than intrauterine insemination." 11/01/2004 - "Clomiphene citrate (CC) is widely used as first-line treatment for ovulation induction in anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). " 05/01/2002 - "Gonadotrophin concentrations increase up to days 5-9 when follicles are selected, and clomiphene is effective in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). " 01/01/2001 - "Both rFSH and uFSH are known to be effective in inducing ovulation in women with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome. "
3.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/2000 - "These drugs may also cause significant changes in plasma lipid concentrations, and improved insulin sensitivity may improve ovulatory function and fertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. " 06/01/2006 - "On the other hand, knowledge about the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome has been growing and insulin-sensitizing drugs have gained popularity as a new treatment option. " 06/01/2002 - "NAC may be a new treatment for the improvement of insulin circulating levels and insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinemic patients with polycystic ovary syndrome." 01/01/2013 - "From the conceptual point of view, there are several reasons to expect that improvement of insulin sensitivity may produce several benefits in the treatment of a complex disorder like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including a decrease in insulin and androgen levels, improvement of metabolic comorbidities, and, finally, improved ovulation and fertility. " 08/01/2012 - "The identification of such genes may improve our understanding of how the body clears insulin, thus leading to improved risk assessment, diagnosis, prevention and therapy of diabetes, as well as of other hyperinsulinaemic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome."
4.	Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)FDA Link 11/01/1990 - "Thus, pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone appears to be highly effective and safe for ovulation induction in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome also, provided that this treatment is preceded by pituitary-ovarian suppression with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog." 07/07/1990 - "Pulsatile GnRH following a GnRH-analog suppression represents a new promising treatment of infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. " 03/01/1983 - " In polycystic ovary syndrome, administration of GnRH agonist shows promising results. " 09/01/2010 - "To evaluate the efficacy of GnRH antagonist in comparison with the GnRH agonist protocol in OCP pretreated polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOs) patients undergoing their first ART cycle. " 08/01/2008 - "Embryological and clinical efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist and agonist stimulation protocols in non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were compared. "
5.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2012 - "To assess the efficacy of yoga therapy on glucose metabolism and blood lipid values in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). " 02/01/2013 - "This study aimed to evaluate the influence of hyperandrogenemia on glucose metabolism in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients. " 06/01/2005 - "We performed this study to access the changes in glucose tolerance over time in a group of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (n = 71) and control women (n = 23) with regular menstrual cycles and baseline normal glucose tolerance. " 06/01/2005 - "Changes in glucose tolerance over time in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a controlled study." 08/01/2003 - "The present study investigated whether they may further unbalance the glucose metabolism of lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). "
6.	HormonesIBA 03/01/1996 - "To investigate, using logistic regression analysis and receiver operator characteristic analysis, the biochemical diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and if it could be improved by using an array of hormone measurements chosen to yield optimal and cost-effective discrimination between women with PCOS and healthy women. " 05/01/2015 - "Acuouncture at Zhibian (BL 54) through Shuidao (ST 28) could significantly improve the basic temperature of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, and regulate hormone level of reproductive endocrine, which is superior to regular acupuncture." 11/01/2014 - "Identification and exclusion of the cluster corresponding to women with PCOM from controls improved the diagnostic power of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level and follicle number per ovary (FNPO) in discriminating between women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). " 11/01/2015 - "Gastrointestinal hormone secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an observational study." 04/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to ascertain whether higher levels of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) are associated with the ovarian follicular arrest in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). "
7.	GonadotropinsIBA 06/01/2004 - "Studies using pharmacological gonadotropin stimulation suggest that ovarian steroidogenesis is abnormal in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). " 12/01/1995 - "To study ovarian stimulation and response patterns during a gonadotropin step-down dose regimen for induction of ovulation by applying a decremental dose regimen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. " 01/01/2015 - "Genome-wide association of polycystic ovary syndrome implicates alterations in gonadotropin secretion in European ancestry populations." 11/01/2014 - "We compared gonadotropin (Gn) administration, body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the number of oocytes retrieved, and the rates of clinical pregnancy, embryo implantation and OHSS incidnece between the two groups. " 07/01/2014 - "To evaluate the influence of anthropometric measurements on abnormal gonadotropin secretion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). "
8.	letrozole (Femara)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2015 - "A Novel Letrozole Model Recapitulates Both the Reproductive and Metabolic Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Female Mice." 02/01/2014 - "Letrozole stimulation in endometrial preparation for cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a pilot study." 08/01/2012 - "Two groups of experimental polycystic ovary syndrome model were composed in healthy female rats by per oral letrozole administration of for 21 and 42 days. " 04/01/2012 - "formulation restores lipid profile to normal in a letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model." 10/01/2010 - "formulation on Letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model."
9.	Spironolactone (Aldactone)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2014 - "We present the case of a 21-year-old woman who used spironolactone for polycystic ovary syndrome and had similar clinical features 2 weeks later, after withdrawing the drug. " 03/01/2011 - "Influence of spironolactone treatment on endothelial function in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome." 11/01/2010 - "The samples were all from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome taking 100-200 mg/d of a steroidal antiandrogen (spironolactone). " 03/01/2007 - "Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with spironolactone plus licorice." 04/01/1983 - "The authors examined the effect of three months' treatment with spironolactone in 34 women with polycystic ovary syndrome. "
10.	Flutamide (Eulexin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2013 - "The long-term effects and tolerability of flutamide (Flu) on the menstrual cycle and the ovulatory function of hyperandrogenic women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were investigated. " 04/01/2013 - "Ovulatory effects of flutamide in the polycystic ovary syndrome." 09/01/2004 - "In conclusion, low-dose flutamide is herewith identified as a pivotal component within a first contraceptive combination therapy that has been shown to attenuate the hypoadiponectinemia, ovarian vascular hyperresistance, lean mass deficit, and central adiposity of young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. " 07/01/2003 - "Fourteen obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on a hypocaloric diet were randomly assigned to treatment groups (open-labeled design), receiving either placebo (no.=7) or the antiandrogen flutamide (no.=7) for 6 months. " 06/01/2002 - "To evaluate whether, by blocking androgen action, flutamide can decrease and normalize vascular resistance in the uterine artery in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Diathermy 08/01/2003 - "This prospective dose-finding study was undertaken to determine the optimal amount of thermal energy required for laparoscopic ovarian diathermy (LOD) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). " 01/01/2014 - "In order to develop a medical alternative to surgical ovarian diathermy (OD) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) more mechanistic information is required about OD. " 01/01/2014 - "The local effects of ovarian diathermy in an ovine model of polycystic ovary syndrome." 09/01/2013 - "Does unilateral volume-adjusted laparoscopic diathermy increase the chances of ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? " 09/01/2013 - "Does unilateral laparoscopic diathermy adjusted to ovarian volume increase the chances of ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome?"
2.	Electrocoagulation (Electrocautery) 01/01/1990 - "Good results are reported from Norway in the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome by laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovary. " 07/01/2011 - "Long-term outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome initially randomized to receive laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovaries or ovulation induction with gonadotrophins." 08/01/2005 - "Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome are well able to express an informed preference for laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovaries or ovulation induction with rFHS. " 06/11/2005 - "[Laparoscopic electrocoagulation of the ovaries prior to in vitro fertilization in two females with polycystic ovary syndrome]." 08/01/2001 - "[The effects of micro-laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery as a method of polycystic ovary syndrome treatment]."
3.	Lasers (Laser) 10/22/2013 - "Although there is no effective treatment for POI, therapies for polycystic ovarian syndrome include ovarian wedge resection or laser drilling to induce follicle growth. " 05/01/2012 - "Repeat transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovarian interstitial laser treatment improved the anovulatory status in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome." 01/01/2009 - "[Ultrasound-guided transvaginal ovarian interstitial laser treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a laser dose-finding study]." 06/01/2015 - "For patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome showing follicle arrest, ovarian wedge resection and laser drilling promote follicle growth. " 02/01/2014 - "Differences in the skin-surface laser Doppler signals between polycystic ovary syndrome and normal subjects."
4.	Bariatric Surgery 03/01/2008 - "Our aim was to study the protein expression profiles of omental adipose tissue biopsies obtained from morbidly obese women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) at the time of bariatric surgery to evaluate the possible involvement of visceral adiposity in the development of PCOS. " 02/01/2013 - "Participants were severely obese men (n = 7), control women (n = 7), and hyperandrogenic women presenting with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (n = 7) submitting to bariatric surgery and an independent series of 40 patients with PCOS and 40 control women matched for age and body mass index. " 04/15/2012 - "Defining the role of bariatric surgery in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients." 09/01/2010 - "Polycystic ovarian syndrome improves in nearly all women with this condition who undergo bariatric surgery. " 07/01/2010 - "Polycystic ovary syndrome is common in patients undergoing bariatric surgery in a British center."
5.	Cautery 01/01/1995 - "Laparoscopic ovarian cautery for polycystic ovarian syndrome." 11/01/1993 - "Adhesion formation after laparoscopic ovarian cautery for polycystic ovarian syndrome: lack of correlation with pregnancy rate." 02/01/1987 - "Endocrine changes after laparoscopic ovarian cautery in polycystic ovarian syndrome." 11/01/1993 - "To assess adhesion formation after laparoscopic ovarian cautery in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and the efficacy of Interceed Adhesion Barrier (Ethicon, Summerville, NJ) in their prevention. " 04/01/2005 - "Sixty-three clomiphene-citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) underwent laparoscopic ovarian drilling using insulated needle cautery. "