Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia)

A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1890 relevant articles (129 outcomes, 142 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
2.	Infection
3.	Encephalitis (Encephalitis, Rasmussen)
4.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
5.	HIV Infections (HIV Infection)

Experts

1.	Lee, Chao-Hung: 14 articles (02/2015 - 01/2003)
2.	Lasbury, Mark E: 13 articles (04/2011 - 01/2003)
3.	Durant, Pamela J: 13 articles (04/2011 - 01/2003)
4.	Zhang, Chen: 11 articles (02/2015 - 01/2006)
5.	Liao, Chung-Ping: 11 articles (04/2011 - 01/2006)
6.	Huang, Laurence: 10 articles (08/2013 - 08/2002)
7.	Walzer, Peter D: 10 articles (01/2013 - 02/2002)
8.	Wang, Shao-Hung: 10 articles (04/2011 - 01/2006)
9.	Tschang, Dennis: 9 articles (04/2011 - 01/2006)
10.	Morris, Alison: 6 articles (04/2014 - 08/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pneumocystis Pneumonia:

1.	Pentamidine (NebuPent)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1991 - "Our retrospective study for ultrasonic nebulised pentamidine in 13 patients shows that 7 of 8 patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), proven by biopsy examination, were cured (recovery rate, 88%). " 04/01/1990 - "Two patients on suspicion of beginning pneumocystis carinii pneumonia improved their clinical and radiological state with higher dosages of pentamidine. " 05/01/1994 - "The therapeutic efficacy of nebulised pentamidine in the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) depends on the absolute pulmonary deposition of the drug. " 06/01/1990 - "We have recently demonstrated that substitution of imidazoline moieties for the amidine groups of pentamidine produces a molecule that is effective against rat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and that is apparently less toxic than pentamidine. " 07/01/1989 - "Pentamidine is effective in both the treatment and the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. "
2.	Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination (Co-Trimoxazole)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1993 - "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administered orally daily or thrice weekly is highly effective for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. " 01/01/2003 - "Cotrimoxazole is cheap and effective against a wide range of organisms, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) which is an important cause of death and illness in the first year of life. " 10/01/2005 - "Prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is effective in reducing this risk. " 07/01/1994 - "This preliminary study suggests that the efficacy of these regimens in preventing pneumocystis pneumonia, however, may be less than that of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole." 01/01/2002 - "First-line treatment for both acute Pneumocystis pneumonia and chronic prophylaxis is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). "
3.	SulfamethoxazoleFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1996 - "Adverse cutaneous reactions frequently occur during the treatment of AIDS associated pneumocystosis by trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole. " 04/01/2008 - "Although two patients had grade 3 or 4 pulmonary toxicity due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, these patients recovered after receiving trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole, steroid therapy, and supplemental oxygen. " 04/01/1998 - "Sulfamethoxazole is the component of co-trimoxazole responsible for its efficacy against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, but this drug is associated with frequent adverse effects. " 01/01/2010 - "The patient was diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia, which was successfully treated with sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim; the reversed halo sign disappeared, leaving cystic lesions. " 01/27/1995 - "As Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was suspected but bronchoscopy was too risky, he was at first treated with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (four times 320/1600 mg/24 h intravenously). "
4.	DapsoneFDA Link 05/01/1999 - "Toxicity and efficacy of daily vs. weekly dapsone for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. " 01/01/2000 - "Were considered as eligible: randomized clinical trials, conducted in adults, with one arm evaluating dapsone as prophylactic agent for Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP). " 01/01/1991 - "We conclude that high-dose, single-agent dapsone is not suitable for further study as therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia." 01/01/1991 - "In a prospective, noncomparative study, seven patients with mild Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, characterized by room air arterial PO2 greater than 60 mm Hg at the time of presentation, were treated with dapsone alone at a dose of 200 mg daily. " 02/01/2014 - "After an outbreak of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in our nephrology unit, dapsone was used as the second-line chemoprophylactic agent. "
5.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1988 - "In rats with established Pneumocystis pneumonia, clindamycin alone at 5 or 225 mg/kg was ineffective. " 09/01/1992 - "Role of clindamycin with or without another agent for treatment of pneumocystosis in patients with AIDS." 03/01/1991 - "Role of clindamycin in the treatment of toxoplasmosis and pneumocystosis in patients with AIDS." 12/27/1991 - "Recently, combinations of clindamycin with other drugs have proved effective in the treatment of falciparum malaria as well as of acute toxoplasmosis and Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients. " 03/01/1991 - "Studies in rat models showed that the combination of primaquine plus clindamycin was effective in the therapy and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and that the combination was more effective than either drug alone. "
6.	Trimethoprim (Proloprim)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2010 - "CT of the chest showed diffuse ground-glass bilateral opacities, and we immediately started a treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethozazole and corticosteroid for the possibility of pneumocystis pneumonia. " 05/01/2005 - "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is usually prevented in transplanted patients by prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (TMS). " 08/01/1997 - "A population pharmacokinetic model of trimethoprim in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, made with parametric and nonparametric methods." 08/01/1991 - "Thirty-seven children were prescribed trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole as a prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 10/01/1988 - "Two patients developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which was treated successfully in one patient with intravenous sulphadimidine and trimethoprim. "
7.	PrimaquineFDA Link 06/01/1988 - "In the in vivo prophylaxis model, primaquine at 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg did not prevent the development of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immune-suppressed rats. " 11/12/1992 - "Primaquine-induced methemoglobinemia during treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia." 04/22/1994 - "In contrast to previously reported methods, the assay sensitivity and specificity are sufficient to permit quantitation of primaquine in plasma for pharmacokinetics following low dose (30 mg, base) oral administration of primaquine, typically used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia." 03/01/2009 - "Both compounds are a new hope against malaria and other primaquine-sensitive illnesses, such as Pneumocystis Pneumonia or the Chagas disease." 03/01/1991 - "Studies in rat models showed that the combination of primaquine plus clindamycin was effective in the therapy and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and that the combination was more effective than either drug alone. "
8.	Leucovorin (Folinic Acid)FDA Link 04/01/1988 - "These observations suggest that the combination of trimetrexate plus leucovorin, which can specifically protect mammalian host tissues from the toxic effects of the antifolate, may be useful in the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia. " 01/01/1990 - "Trimetrexate-leucovorin dosage evaluation study for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia." 01/01/2002 - "Failure of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with concurrent leucovorin use." 10/26/1991 - "On the basis of folinic acid metabolism and pharmacology and of clinical experience, we suggest that folinic acid should not be systematically added to the curative treatment of pneumocystosis with cotrimoxazole. " 01/01/1990 - "To determine the maximal tolerable dosage of trimetrexate for treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia, 25 patients were treated each day with 45 mg/m2 of trimetrexate and 80 mg/m2 of leucovorin; 10 received 60 mg/m2 and 80 mg/m2; 12 received 60 mg/m2 and 160 mg/m2; and 6 received 90 mg/m2 and 160 mg/m2, respectively. "
9.	Trimetrexate (JB11)FDA Link 11/01/1988 - "Efficacy of trimetrexate, a potent lipid-soluble antifolate, in the treatment of rodent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia." 01/01/1990 - "This combination should be selected for studies to compare trimetrexate with other therapies for pneumocystis pneumonia." 03/01/1994 - "FDA approves trimetrexate as second-line therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia." 02/01/1992 - "The primary objective of this article is to introduce readers to the use of a new agent, trimetrexate (TMTX), in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). " 01/27/1989 - "Trimetrexate for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia."
10.	Zidovudine (Retrovir)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1998 - "Eighty six patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia receiving zidovudine had also a higher survival (p < 0.001). " 09/01/1996 - "These racial differences persisted after adjustment for recruitment period (1984-1985 or 1987-1990), follow-up duration, age and zidovudine therapy or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. " 05/27/1996 - "Adjusting for baseline differences in CD4+ cell count, clinical stage of HIV disease, and prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Cox regression analysis showed a significant effect of zidovudine compared with no treatment on the risk of dying during the first year of therapy (relative hazard for death, 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18 to 0.59). " 02/01/1995 - "More than 80% of the HIV-infected persons received CD4 testing, zidovudine and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis, and pneumococcal vaccine. " 12/01/1994 - "In those who were not drug users, men were twice as likely as women to receive either zidovudine or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 01/01/2006 - "The initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the HIV-infected population has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), although recent trends suggest the incidence has plateaued rather than decreased. " 01/03/2003 - "Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia." 02/01/2001 - "Improvement in the immunological and virological profile of HIV-infected population during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has allowed guidelines on discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis to be published. " 12/01/2005 - "This study shows the long term safety of discontinuing secondary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia in 5 human immunodeficiency virus-infected children who had recovered from a confirmed episode of Pneumocystis pneumonia, had <15% of CD4 cells at the time of starting highly active antiretroviral therapy and whose CD4 cell counts increased to >15% for >or=3 months during highly active antiretroviral therapy." 01/01/2014 - "military healthcare system, which minimizes confounding from healthcare access, we analyzed whether timing of HAART initiation and the appropriate initiation of primary prophylaxis among those at high risk for pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) varies by race/ethnicity. "
2.	Chemoprevention 12/15/1995 - "The percentage of HIV-related deaths associated with pneumocystosis has decreased dramatically, probably because of chemoprophylaxis and improved treatment. " 09/01/1994 - "Efficacy of primary chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during the first year of life in infants infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1." 02/01/1988 - "[A study of chemoprophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]." 01/01/2015 - "Pneumocystis pneumonia in children - the relevance of chemoprophylaxis in different groups of immunocompromised and immunocompetent paediatric patients." 02/01/2000 - "HIV-infected patients with sustained immunologic improvement from antiretroviral therapy may be able to discontinue chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). "
3.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 05/01/1992 - "Survival rates for persons receiving intensive care for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia have improved. " 06/01/1999 - "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia requiring intensive care management: survival and prognostic study in 110 patients with human immunodeficiency virus." 01/01/2006 - "[Pneumocystis pneumonia in newborns: a challenge in contemporary intensive care]." 01/01/2001 - "Compared to the previous series, it was observed that the few Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia patients that need intensive care still have a bad prognosis." 03/16/1996 - "The logistic equation provided by the model might be used to accurately and quickly identify the patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia who might benefit from supportive intensive care."
4.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2008 - "[Study on changes of CT performance and pulmonary function in renal transplant recipients with pneumocystis pneumonia]." 10/01/2015 - "Pneumocystis pneumonia, however, is still a significant cause of mortality among HIV-negative patients being under immunosuppression caused by different factors, such as transplant recipients as well as oncologically treated ones. " 12/01/2014 - "In three out of seven Pneumocystis pneumonia patients, an overlapping of hospitalisation times and an onset of Pneumocystis pneumonia 6 months after transplantation was found. " 12/01/2014 - "The Pneumocystis pneumonia is an increasing problem in transplanted patients: up to 25% suffer from Pneumocystis pneumonia, occurring during the first 6 months after transplantation. " 10/01/2013 - "Clinical outcomes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adult liver transplant recipients."
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/01/1987 - "This protocol allows the selection of uniformly infected rats for studies assessing drug therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia." 11/01/2010 - "We should be careful of pneumocystis pneumonia during chemotherapy and corticosteroid treatment." 04/01/2008 - "Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a serious complication of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. " 04/01/2008 - "Pneumocystis pneumonia in children receiving chemotherapy." 09/01/2000 - "Both patients were treated with multiagent chemotherapy but died of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia within 6 months of diagnosis. "