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Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)

Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.

Also Known As:

Pneumonitis; Lobar Pneumonia; Experimental Lung Inflammations; Inflammation, Experimental Lung; Inflammation, Lung; Inflammation, Pulmonary; Inflammations, Lung; Inflammations, Pulmonary; Lung Inflammation, Experimental; Lung Inflammations; Lung Inflammations, Experimental; Pneumonias; Pneumonitides; Pulmonary Inflammations; Experimental Lung Inflammation; Lung Inflammation; Pneumonia, Lobar; Pulmonary Inflammation

Networked: 26841 relevant articles (1715 outcomes, 2813 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
3.	Human Influenza (Influenza)
4.	Chronic Bronchitis
5.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)

Experts

1.	van der Poll, Tom: 78 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Kohno, Shigeru: 59 articles (06/2015 - 05/2002)
3.	Torres, Antoni: 54 articles (01/2016 - 02/2002)
4.	Florquin, Sandrine: 46 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Yanagihara, Katsunori: 40 articles (06/2015 - 05/2002)
6.	Marrie, Thomas J: 38 articles (02/2014 - 02/2002)
7.	Welte, Tobias: 36 articles (10/2015 - 06/2005)
8.	Kollef, Marin H: 36 articles (10/2015 - 03/2003)
9.	Restrepo, Marcos I: 34 articles (10/2015 - 01/2005)
10.	Torres, A: 34 articles (09/2015 - 01/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pneumonia:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 10/01/2005 - "Beta-lactam and macrolide antibiotics are considered safe in pregnancy and are effective for most community-acquired pneumonia in pregnancy. " 02/01/2003 - "It is now commonly accepted that the incidence of pneumonia is reduced,however, the concept of using topical antibiotics has its inherent limitations and the best results have been obtained by combination with a short course of intravenous antibiotics. " 04/01/2000 - "Most reports found a significant reduction in pneumonitis when patients received prolonged prophylactic antibiotics. " 02/01/1986 - "Interstitial electrophoresis of antibiotics included in the complex of curative measures was shown to be highly effective for the treatment of chronic pneumonia. " 09/01/2001 - "Although the advent of broad-spectrum antibiotics has markedly improved the maternal outcomes of pneumonia complicating pregnancy, pneumonia remains a significant condition that may complicate pregnancy. "
2.	Ofloxacin (Levofloxacin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1992 - "Intravenous followed by oral ofloxacin was highly effective in many difficult cases of pneumonia." 11/01/2003 - "Levofloxacin has improved anti-gram-positive potency, PK/PD properties, a proven clinical trial record (particularly for communityacquired pneumonia [CAP]), and an excellent safety profile-in the context of the treatment of >250 million patients worldwide in the past decade. " 09/01/2002 - "We conclude that levofloxacin is effective against experimental pneumonia due to pneumococci with MIC < 1.5 mg/L, ineffective on experimental pneumonia due to pneumococci with MIC > or = 2 mg/L, and could be associated with the appearance of mutants when a parC mutation is pre-existing." 07/01/1998 - "In experimental pneumonia in guinea pigs, in which the biofilm mode of growth of the strain was observed in the lung, only levofloxacin exhibited substantial therapeutic efficacy. " 05/01/1996 - "When given as monotherapy for the empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, ofloxacin is as effective as standard antimicrobial therapy."
3.	Amoxicillin (Wymox)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2007 - "Oral amoxicillin is effective for most children admitted to hospital with pneumonia (all but those with the most severe disease who were excluded from this study). " 09/01/2011 - "On review after 48 h, if improved, the child may be sent home on oral amoxicillin for 5 more days; if not, it is treated as very severe pneumonia. " 12/01/2013 - "In summary, pneumococcal susceptibility to amoxicillin remains high throughout Africa, and amoxicillin can be effectively and safely used as first-line treatment for childhood pneumonia. " 07/01/2014 - "Oral amoxicillin was also found to be effective in non-severe pneumonia as well. " 01/01/2013 - "Oral amoxicillin administered either in hospital or community setting is effective in treatment of severe pneumonia and is not inferior to the standard treatment. "
4.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 08/01/2008 - "Macrolide monotherapy is currently recommended as first-line treatment of mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in penicillin-intolerant/allergic individuals in the UK. " 04/01/1997 - "Efficacy of the penicillins and 1st and 2nd generation cephem was satisfactory except in only one case of pneumonia with PISP which needed an alternative choice to the 3rd generation cephem. " 03/01/2002 - "The results of several studies suggest that penicillins remain effective for streptococcal pneumonia when the infecting pathogen has a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) </=2 microgram/mL, presumably because the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters associated with current dosing regimens are still sufficient. " 07/01/1980 - "The pneumonia was cured with 12 weeks of penicillin treatment." 05/01/1977 - "Patients with pneumonia responded well to small doses of parenteral penicillin. "
5.	linezolid (Zyvox)FDA Link 06/01/2011 - "After the change from VCM to linezolid (LZD), the VAP improved promptly, indicating that LZD is superior to VCM in the treatment of MRSA pneumonia." 09/01/2014 - "In summary, linezolid may be a cost-effective treatment strategy in MRSA-confirmed nosocomial pneumonia." 02/01/2001 - "Linezolid is a well-tolerated, effective treatment for adults with gram-positive nosocomial pneumonia." 05/01/2001 - "To determine the safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of linezolid, a new oxazolidinone antibiotic in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. " 12/01/2010 - "Data from 7 Phase II and III clinical trials that assessed the efficacy of linezolid in community- or hospital-acquired pneumonia were pooled. "
6.	Clarithromycin (Biaxin)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2003 - "Clarithromycin, a macrolide with immunomodulatory effect, was included in the antibiotic regimen of the progressive pneumonia, followed by rapid amelioration and remission of clinical and laboratory findings. " 02/01/2011 - "Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been reported in Japan, but the results of this surveillance study showed that clarithromycin is effective in treating adult atypical pneumonia." 02/01/1991 - "Efficacy was comparable between treatment groups: 26 of 34 patients (76%) treated with clarithromycin were clinically cured, including four with atypical pneumonia. " 05/01/2004 - "Using an immunocompromised murine pneumonia model, this study evaluated in vivo efficacy of human simulated exposures of clarithromycin for 62 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae considered resistant by current methods of breakpoint determinations. " 12/01/1991 - "In this study the safety and efficacy of orally administered clarithromycin (500 to 1,000 mg bid) in the treatment of Legionella pneumonia were evaluated. "
7.	Vancomycin FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2011 - "A prospective cohort study was performed to determine the optimal dose of vancomycin to maintain a serum trough concentration of at least 15 to 20 mg/l and to assess the efficacy of this target vancomycin concentration in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. " 09/01/2009 - "Due to the emergence of vancomycin-intermediate resistance at a fAUC24/MIC of < or = 210, exceeding this exposure breakpoint in ELF may help to guide optimal dosage regimens in the treatment of MRSA pneumonia." 01/01/2004 - "Clinical and pharmacokinetic information was used to determine the following: (i) whether steady-state 24-hour area under the concentration-time curve (AUC24) divided by the MIC (AUC24/MIC) values for vancomycin could be precisely calculated with a software program; (ii) whether the percentage of time vancomycin serum concentrations were above the MIC (%Time>MIC) was an important determinant of vancomycin response; (iii) whether the time to bacterial eradication differed as the AUC24/MIC value increased; (iv) whether the time to bacterial eradication for vancomycin differed compared with other antibacterials at the same AUC24/MIC value; and (v) whether a relationship existed between time to bacterial eradication and time to significant clinical improvement of pneumonia symptoms. " 09/01/2005 - "MRSA pneumonia: better outcome through continuous infusion of vancomycin?" 04/01/2011 - "The objective of this study is to assess the distribution of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates and evaluate the efficacy of vancomycin relative to vancomycin MICs in adult patients with MRSA nosocomial pneumonia. "
8.	Erythromycin (Erycette)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1993 - "On the basis of these data, a rational initial therapeutic approach to community-acquired pneumonia, as well as to nosocomial pneumonia in certain circumstances, has to include an antimicrobial agent that is clinically effective against Legionella spp. Clinical studies have provided evidence that erythromycin is the first-line treatment. " 12/01/1997 - "Erythromycin therapy was effective against the pneumonia. " 06/01/1991 - "pneumoniae pneumonia relative to the efficacy of erythromycin." 01/01/2006 - "Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin after its intravenous and cell-associated administration in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and the clinical efficacy of the method were evaluated. " 05/01/1990 - "[Bacteremic pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae cured with oral erythromycin]."
9.	Ceftazidime (Fortum)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1985 - "An experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in rats was used to study the influence of continuous or of intermittent (8-hr intervals) administration of ceftazidime on therapeutic efficacy. " 06/01/2000 - "Both intermittent and continuous ceftazidime regimens were equally effective for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by less virulent bacteria." 08/01/1985 - "Therapeutic efficacy of continuous versus intermittent administration of ceftazidime in an experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in rats." 02/01/2009 - "[Study on the blood concentration and clinical efficacy of ceftazidime, a cephem antibiotic at dose of one gram q.i.d, for adult hospital-acquired pneumonia patients]." 01/01/2013 - "She was admitted to our hospital for Pseudomonas pneumonia, and her symptoms improved almost completely with intravenous ceftazidime therapy. "
10.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2003 - "We report here two cases of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia that were markedly improved by parenteral ciprofloxacin administration. " 10/01/2002 - "Controlled clinical trials have shown efficacy of high-dose ciprofloxacin for hospital-acquired (HAP) or nosocomial pneumonia. " 08/01/2002 - "In the present study the therapeutic efficacy of pegylated liposomal ciprofloxacin was investigated in two rat models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. " 01/01/1991 - "Ciprofloxacin is effective in pneumonia but should be used only in cases where Streptococcus pneumoniae can be excluded as the causative agent." 08/01/1986 - "The therapeutic efficacy of ciprofloxacin in experimental guinea pig pneumonia due to L. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/2011 - "They responded slowly to chemotherapy and were in complete remission (CR) for 26 to 63 months, except 1 who died in CR from pneumonia. " 02/01/1988 - "Fifteen of the patients who achieved a complete remission had at least one episode of fungal pneumonia; 12 received further chemotherapy, and nine (75 percent) of these had a subsequent fungal pneumonia. " 01/01/1987 - "Four of the children achieved a complete second remission after one course of chemotherapy, and the fifth child died of pneumonia during bone marrow aplasia. " 11/01/2003 - "Large outbreaks of Legionella pneumonia are rare, but when they occur provide an opportunity to assess predictors of mortality and efficacy of drug therapy. " 09/01/1992 - "To investigate the relationship of efficacy of chemotherapy to host defense, we reviewed the clinical features, treatment and outcome in 648 patients with acute pneumonia (424 males and 224 females; mean age, 65 years) treated between 1984 and 1989. "
2.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation) 04/01/2011 - "Current smokers also had significantly greater odds of pneumonia (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% CI, 1.80-2.43), unplanned intubation (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.58-2.21), and mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.31-1.79). " 01/01/2006 - "There was a significant reduction in the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia (pooled odds ratio (OR) 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28 to 0.53), but no reduction in mortality (pooled OR 0.96, 95%CI 0.66 to 1.14), duration of mechanical ventilation (pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.14 days, 95%CI, -0.29 to 0.02), duration of intensive care unit stay (pooled SMD -0.064 days, 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.086) or duration of hospital stay (pooled SMD 0.05 days, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.27). " 05/01/2005 - "Histologic examination showed increased recruitment of the dependent lung in groups 3 and 4, with significantly greater lung expansion index, than groups 1 and 2. PLV, with a single dose of higher viscosity and lower vapor pressure PFC, resulted in significantly improved gas exchange and lung mechanics with significant reduction in lung inflammation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation alone and PLV with lower viscosity and higher vapor pressure liquid. " 07/01/2004 - "Notable results were the greater requirement for mechanical ventilation in Legionella pneumonia and the good results obtained by home-based hospital care within current health care management." 08/01/2008 - "Systolic BP is superior to other haemodynamic predictors of 30 day mortality and need for mechanical ventilation and/or inotropic support in community acquired pneumonia. "
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/1994 - "Two patients did not achieve complete remission (CR) and died of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis 3 months post-transplant. " 10/01/1992 - "This result confirms that such combination therapy is effective in the treatment of CMV pneumonitis in a patient with a bone marrow transplant." 06/01/2013 - "This case report presents spontaneous resolution of acute rejection in a 66-year-old man who underwent a kidney transplant and developed acute rejection and pneumonia. " 06/01/1994 - "Recent developments in antiviral therapy for cytomegalovirus pneumonia offer hope that the dismal prognosis of cytomegalovirus pneumonia in transplant patients can be improved. " 01/01/2013 - "No studies have investigated the immediate impact of receiving an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) on pulmonary inflammation or lung function. "
4.	Mechanical Ventilators (Ventilator) 02/01/2006 - "This is being caused by a decline in ventilator associated pneumonias, most likely because non-invasive ventilation allows patients to clear their secretions by coughing, resulting in improved lung clearance. " 06/01/2000 - "The rapid institution of appropriate antimicrobial therapy has been shown to improve mortality in patients with ventilator associated nosocomial pneumonia. " 02/01/2002 - "Several new drugs for the treatment of ventilator-assisted pneumonia caused by Gram-positive multiresistant pathogens have been evaluated with promising results." 01/01/2014 - "Less improved oxygenation, longer ventilator dependency and worse survival were observed in pneumonia-related ARDS." 10/01/2012 - "Continual improvement in ventilator acquired pneumonia bundle compliance: a retrospective case matched review."
5.	Home Nursing (Nursing, Home) 12/01/1998 - "Nursing home residents with pneumonia, even those who are most acutely ill, can be treated successfully with intravenous therapy in the nursing home; their 30-day mortality was no different than that of those with the same acute severity of illness who were admitted to a hospital for treatment." 03/01/2011 - "However, a very recent study has shown a significant reduction of pneumonias and death due to pneumococcal disease in nursing-home residents. " 11/01/2002 - "Pneumonia is believed to be a serious threat to nursing home residents; PPV is thought to be important, effective, cost-effective, and safe for use in nursing homes. " 02/01/1985 - "Some elderly patients with pneumonia can be effectively treated in the nursing home. " 01/01/2010 - "Efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in preventing pneumonia and improving survival in nursing home residents: double blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial."