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Pneumocephalus

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Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from NEOPLASMS or infection, NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, and other conditions.

Also Known As:

Cranial Airocele; Pneumocephalus, Epidural; Pneumocephalus, Traumatic; Pressure Pneumocephalus; Airocele, Cranial; Airoceles, Cranial; Cranial Airoceles; Cranial Pneumocysts; Epidural Pneumocephalus; Gas, Intracranial; Pneumocephalus, Pressure; Pneumocyst, Cranial; Pneumocysts, Cranial; Tension Pneumocephalus; Traumatic Pneumocephalus; Cranial Pneumocyst; Intracranial Gas; Pneumocephalus, Tension

Networked: 273 relevant articles (6 outcomes, 6 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Meningitis
2.	Craniocerebral Trauma (Head Injury)
3.	Air Embolism (Gas Embolism)
4.	Intracranial Hemorrhages (Intracranial Hemorrhage)
5.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)

Experts

1.	Gil, Ziv: 3 articles (02/2007 - 05/2002)
2.	Khafif, Avi: 3 articles (02/2007 - 05/2002)
3.	Abergel, Avraham: 3 articles (02/2007 - 05/2002)
4.	Fliss, Dan M: 3 articles (02/2007 - 05/2002)
5.	Wang, Jen-Chun: 2 articles (08/2015 - 07/2014)
6.	Tsai, Shih-Hung: 2 articles (08/2015 - 07/2014)
7.	Liao, Wen-I: 2 articles (08/2015 - 07/2014)
8.	Krauss, Joachim K: 2 articles (01/2015 - 12/2013)
9.	Cohen, Steven P: 2 articles (07/2014 - 02/2004)
10.	Nottmeier, Eric W: 2 articles (01/2013 - 07/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pneumocephalus:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/2004 - "This patient was diagnosed to have pneumocephalus on CT scan study and was treated with antibiotics to which he responded well, and the repeat CT scan done after two weeks showed normal study." 01/01/2006 - "The authors hope that this study helps clarifying the effectiveness and indications of antibiotics in prevention of meningitis in traumatic pneumocephalus after head injury and in specific subgroup of these patients." 01/01/1993 - "The two groups were closely matched for age, sex, type of CSF fistula, site, and duration of CSF leakage and presence or absence of skull fractures, but there were more patients with facial fractures and pneumocephalus in those who were treated with antibiotics. " 01/01/2006 - "In this prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial, 200 selected head injury patients with traumatic pneumocephalus are randomly assigned to receive intravenous antibiotics (2 grams Ceftriaxone twice a day), oral antibiotics (Azithromycin) or placebo for at least 7 days after trauma. "
2.	Ceftriaxone (Ceftriaxon)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2004 - "The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of the prophylactic use of ceftriaxone for the prevention of meningitis in patients with acute traumatic pneumocephalus. " 11/01/2004 - "Prophylactic administration of ceftriaxone for the prevention of meningitis after traumatic pneumocephalus: results of a clinical trial." 11/01/2004 - "The results of this study do not substantiate the efficacy of ceftriaxone used in the prevention of meningitis in patients with traumatic pneumocephalus after mild head injury or in any specific subgroup of these patients. " 11/01/2004 - "In this prospective, single-institution, randomized clinical trial, 109 patients with mild head injury and traumatic pneumocephalus were randomly assigned to receive or not receive an antibiotic medication (ceftriaxone, 1 g given twice a day) until occurrence of meningitis or at least 5 days after trauma. " 01/01/2006 - "In this prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial, 200 selected head injury patients with traumatic pneumocephalus are randomly assigned to receive intravenous antibiotics (2 grams Ceftriaxone twice a day), oral antibiotics (Azithromycin) or placebo for at least 7 days after trauma. "
3.	HydrogelIBA 01/01/2013 - "This study evaluated preliminary findings on the efficacy of polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel dural sealant capping for the prevention of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and pneumocephalus during deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery in the semisupine position. "
4.	Polyethylene Glycols (Polyethylene Glycol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "This study evaluated preliminary findings on the efficacy of polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel dural sealant capping for the prevention of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and pneumocephalus during deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery in the semisupine position. "
5.	Mannitol (Osmitrol)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2010 - "The use of mannitol in the prehospital treatment of this patient and subsequent improvement in pupillary response may indicate that mannitol has a role in the treatment of tension pneumocephalus when neurosurgical services are not readily available. "
6.	Cerebrospinal fluid leakIBA 12/01/2015 - "Pneumocephalus is a commonly encountered finding in neurosurgery in which air displaces intracranial cerebrospinal fluid after cranial surgery or a cerebrospinal fluid leak into paranasal or mastoid sinuses. " 11/01/2015 - "Among a total of 344 patients, 182 (53%) had no dural violation or midline shift (Grade 1), 56 (16%) had cerebrospinal fluid leak or pneumocephalus (Grade 2), 34 (10%) had exposed brain (Grade 3), 47 (14%) had midline shift (Grade 4), and 25 (7%) had both exposed brain and midline shift (Grade 5). " 07/01/2014 - "We present a case of tension pneumocephalus without cerebrospinal fluid leak 1 month after a septoplasty operation. " 07/01/2014 - "This paper describes a tension pneumocephalus without cerebrospinal fluid leak, a rare complication of septoplasty. " 01/01/2014 - "The excessive pneumocephalus was initially interpreted as a result of spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak, and the patient was placed in the Trendelenburg position. "
7.	OxygenIBA 08/01/2012 - "Pneumocephalus as a complication of nasal oxygen inhalation." 12/01/2010 - "Recurred pneumocephalus was managed with high flow oxygen and supportive care. " 10/01/2010 - "A discussion of this case in terms of other reported cases of pneumocephalus after oxygen therapy follows. " 08/01/2010 - "Supplemental oxygen increases the rate of absorption of pneumocephalus." 04/01/2009 - "Postoperative 100% oxygen may improve the rate of pneumocephalus absorption. "
8.	Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)IBA 10/01/2010 - "Specifically, some suggest a possible association between nitrous oxide and the postoperative development of tension pneumocephalus despite lack of data to support this notion. " 07/01/2008 - "Nitrous oxide-induced tension pneumocephalus after thoracic spinal cord surgery: a case report." 02/01/1992 - "Life-threatening tension pneumocephalus after nitrous oxide anaesthesia." 08/01/1987 - "Nitrous oxide and pneumocephalus." 08/01/1986 - "Nitrous oxide withdrawal reduces intracranial pressure in the presence of pneumocephalus."
9.	Nasopharyngeal carcinomaIBA 11/01/1996 - "Pneumocephalus in a case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma." 01/01/1996 - "Pneumocephalus due to nasopharyngeal carcinoma: case report." 07/01/1995 - "Iatrogenic pneumocephalus in a man with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. " 01/01/2014 - "Tension pneumocephalus (TP) is a very rare complication related to radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). " 01/01/2014 - "Tension pneumocephalus related to radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma."
10.	Hydrogen Peroxide (Hydroperoxide)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2015 - "Our case demonstrates a fatal complication with ischemic brainstem lesions and pneumocephalus after the use of hydrogen peroxide. " 04/01/2015 - "Extensive ischemic brainstem lesions and pneumocephalus after application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during lumbar spinal surgery." 02/01/2014 - "We report a patient who suffered hydrogen peroxide-related mortality due to widespread tension pneumocephalus and O2 emboli. " 06/01/2004 - "Pneumocephalus with neurological deficit from hydrogen peroxide irrigation. " 12/01/2000 - "Fatal posterior fossa pneumocephalus due to hydrogen peroxide irrigation of lumbar wound."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Craniotomy 01/01/2000 - "Direct closure of the skull base by craniotomy was not necessary, and a programmable valve system was effective in preventing recurrence of either pneumocephalus or rhinorrhea." 12/01/1983 - "Since the pneumocephalus could not be cured, the muscle, taken from the thigh, was spread throughout the left middle fossa by the front-temporal craniotomy. " 07/01/2011 - "Traumatic intracranial aerocele, also known as pneumocephalus, is an uncommon condition that may be asymptomatic or may present with progressive neurological deficits and life threatening conditions that demand urgent decompressive craniotomy to reduce the acute rise in intracranial pressure and the sequelae. " 01/01/2010 - "Tension pneumocephalus with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea in a post craniotomy patient." 10/01/2008 - "Right temporo-occipital craniotomy with a right superficial temporal artery and vein flap repair resulted in radiographic resolution of the pneumocephalus, and he remained neurologically free of symptoms at 1-year follow-up examination. "
2.	Deep Brain Stimulation 10/01/2015 - "Effect of Cranial Window Diameter During Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery on Volume of Pneumocephalus." 02/01/2007 - "Tension pneumocephalus following deep brain stimulation surgery with bispectral index monitoring." 12/01/2010 - "The objective of the present study was to evaluate the risk of pneumocephalus, venous air embolism (VAE), and intracranial hemorrhage in subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) patients operated in the strict supine (head and body flat) position. " 12/01/2010 - "Head positioning and risk of pneumocephalus, air embolism, and hemorrhage during subthalamic deep brain stimulation surgery." 01/01/2013 - "This study evaluated preliminary findings on the efficacy of polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel dural sealant capping for the prevention of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and pneumocephalus during deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery in the semisupine position. "
3.	Positive-Pressure Respiration (PEEP) 07/01/2007 - "In our study, we showed that using 5 cm H2O PEEP perioperatively reduced the risk of pneumocephalus. " 02/01/2003 - "To avoid tension pneumocephalus, an intubating laryngeal mask (ILM) was inserted with rapid sequence induction without positive pressure ventilation. " 10/01/2010 - "A limited number of current case reports identified in the literature indicate a connection between pneumocephalus and positive pressure ventilation following blunt trauma. " 10/01/2010 - "Traumatic tension pneumocephalus after blunt head trauma and positive pressure ventilation." 07/01/2007 - "We tested the hypothesis that 5 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) reduces the incidence of pneumocephalus in patients who undergo spinal intradural tumor surgery. "
4.	Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt 03/01/2014 - "We report 2 cases of delayed tension pneumocephalus, secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and review the etiopathogenesis, prevention and treatment of this condition. " 01/01/2013 - "Tension pneumocephalus following ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery is extremely rare and commonly seen as a delayed complication. " 07/01/2011 - "Tension pneumocephalus complicating ventriculoperitoneal shunt is extremely rare. " 07/01/2011 - "Delayed otogenic pneumocephalus complicating ventriculoperitoneal shunt." 10/01/2010 - "Delayed tension pneumocephalus after ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement is unusual, with fewer than 50 published case reports, and is rarely caused by a scalp defect. "
5.	Epidural Anesthesia 03/01/2015 - "We report a rare case of simultaneous pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis in a patient after undergoing epidural anesthesia. " 03/01/2015 - "Both pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis are rare but serious complications following epidural anesthesia. " 03/01/2015 - "A rare case of pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis after epidural anesthesia." 07/01/2014 - "Pneumocephalus may occur after inadvertent injection of air into the subarachnoid space while performing epidural anesthesia using a loss-of-resistance technique with air in the syringe. " 02/01/2013 - "Pneumocephalus after inadvertent dural puncture during epidural anesthesia."