Platelet Factor 4

A CXC chemokine that is found in the alpha granules of PLATELETS. The protein has a molecular size of 7800 kDa and can occur as a monomer, a dimer or a tetramer depending upon its concentration in solution. Platelet factor 4 has a high affinity for HEPARIN and is often found complexed with GLYCOPROTEINS such as PROTEIN C.

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Networked: 694 relevant articles (10 outcomes, 60 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Greinacher, Andreas: 21 articles (11/2015 - 01/2005)
2.	Warkentin, Theodore E: 16 articles (07/2015 - 01/2005)
3.	Poncz, Mortimer: 13 articles (01/2015 - 02/2002)
4.	Cines, Douglas B: 12 articles (01/2015 - 02/2002)
5.	Gruel, Yves: 11 articles (04/2015 - 02/2003)
6.	Walenga, Jeanine M: 11 articles (03/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Kowalska, M Anna: 10 articles (12/2012 - 11/2004)
8.	Pouplard, Claire: 9 articles (04/2015 - 11/2004)
9.	Rauova, Lubica: 9 articles (01/2015 - 11/2004)
10.	Sachais, Bruce S: 9 articles (11/2013 - 12/2003)

Related Diseases

1.	Thrombocytopenia (Thrombopenia) 01/01/2013 - "Prospective observational evaluation of the particle immunofiltration anti-platelet factor 4 rapid assay in MICU patients with thrombocytopenia." 08/01/2011 - "The role of platelet factor 4 in radiation-induced thrombocytopenia." 06/01/2007 - "Additionally, this agent does not bind to platelet Factor 4, thereby reducing the risk of thrombocytopenia. " 06/01/2005 - "binding to platelet factor 4 involved in thrombocytopenia). " 06/01/2001 - "Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II after clearance of platelet factor 4/heparin complex."
2.	Myocardial Ischemia (Ischemic Heart Diseases) 05/21/1981 - "Lack of release of platelet factor 4 during exercise-induced myocardial ischemia." 01/01/1989 - "[The platelet factor 4 content of the blood in induced myocardial ischemia in patients with stable stenocardia]." 07/01/1982 - "Studies of platelet factor 4 and beta thromboglobulin release during exercise: lack of relationship to myocardial ischemia." 08/15/1997 - "Elevated platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease." 05/01/1994 - "The use of intracardiac laser light irradiation of blood in combined treatment was found to improve the clinical course of the illness and to have a beneficial effect on the factors of plasma haemostasis and fibrinolysis which play a pathogenetic role in the destabilization of the ischemic heart disease course, this being manifest by a significant decrease in the activity of factor XIII, platelet factor 4, and an increase in fibrinolysis."
3.	Diabetes Mellitus 01/01/1986 - "Several investigators have reported an altered platelet function in diabetes mellitus as measured by elevated levels of platelet specific proteins platelet factor 4 (PF4) and B-thromboglobulin (BTG). " 01/01/1986 - "Platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin released platelet factor 4 (HR-PF4) in diabetes mellitus. " 12/29/1984 - "Platelet aggregation, beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in diabetes mellitus and in patients with vasculopathy." 03/01/1984 - "Plasma beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, fibrinopeptide A, and other hemostatic functions during improved, short-term glycemic control in diabetes mellitus." 03/01/1994 - "Platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin and thrombospondin levels in type I diabetes mellitus patients."
4.	Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema) 01/01/1999 - "Significantly elevated expression of PF4 (platelet factor 4) and eotaxin in the NOA mouse, a model for atopic dermatitis." 01/01/2003 - "Platelet factor 4 (PF4), a platelet-specific protein may play an important role in the development of the atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). " 01/01/2003 - "Enhanced release of platelet factor 4 into the circulation in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome." 01/01/2010 - "Recovery of platelet factor 4 (PF-4) and beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) plasma concentrations during remission in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis." 12/01/2008 - "Elevated platelet activation in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: increased plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4."
5.	Acute Coronary Syndrome 05/13/2003 - "We postulated that antibodies to platelet factor 4/heparin complex might contribute to recurrent ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. " 06/01/2004 - "We postulated that patients with recent acute coronary syndromes and antibodies to the platelet factor 4/heparin complex would have an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI), even in the absence of thrombocytopenia. " 10/01/1994 - "Although intravenous heparin is routinely used in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes, this anticoagulant requires antithrombin III as a cofactor, has no affinity to clot-bound thrombin, and is bound or inactivated by several plasma proteins and platelet factor 4. Recombinant hirudin, the prototypic direct thrombin inhibitor, has been demonstrated in pilot studies to yield improved angiographic and clinical outcomes compared with heparin. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	beta-Thromboglobulin
2.	Heparin (Liquaemin)
3.	Antibodies
4.	Fibrinopeptide A
5.	Thrombin
6.	Antithrombin III
7.	Blood Proteins (Serum Proteins)
8.	Hirudins
9.	Collagen Type II (Type II Collagen)
10.	Factor XIII (Coagulation Factor XIII)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lasers (Laser)
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis)
3.	Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Heart-Lung Bypass)
4.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care)
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)