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Plague (Bubonic Plague)

An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.

Also Known As:

Bubonic Plague; Pneumonic Plague; Plague, Bubonic; Black Death; Black Plague; Septicemic Plague; Black Deaths; Black Plagues; Death, Black; Deaths, Black; Meningeal Plagues; Plague, Black; Plague, Meningeal; Plague, Pneumonic; Plague, Pulmonic; Plague, Septicemic; Plagues, Black; Plagues, Meningeal; Plagues, Pneumonic; Plagues, Pulmonic; Plagues, Septicemic; Pneumonic Plagues; Pulmonic Plagues; Septicemic Plagues; Meningeal Plague; Pulmonic Plague

Networked: 1485 relevant articles (123 outcomes, 120 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Bacterial Infections and Mycoses
- Bacterial Infections: 10283
  - Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: 350
    - Enterobacteriaceae Infections: 53
      - Yersinia Infections: 110
        Plague: 1485

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Plague (Bubonic Plague)
3.	Anthrax
4.	Tularemia
5.	Brucellosis (Malta Fever)

Experts

1.	Williamson, E D: 19 articles (04/2013 - 01/2000)
2.	Yang, Ruifu: 17 articles (01/2014 - 09/2004)
3.	Chopra, Ashok K: 14 articles (12/2015 - 04/2008)
4.	Rocke, Tonie E: 14 articles (06/2015 - 03/2003)
5.	Schneewind, Olaf: 14 articles (10/2012 - 08/2005)
6.	Sha, Jian: 13 articles (12/2015 - 04/2008)
7.	Smiley, Stephen T: 13 articles (06/2013 - 04/2005)
8.	Titball, Richard W: 13 articles (04/2009 - 01/2003)
9.	Wang, Xiaoyi: 12 articles (01/2014 - 02/2005)
10.	Rahalison, L: 12 articles (03/2011 - 01/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Plague:

1.	AntigensIBA 07/20/2001 - "A sub-unit vaccine based on the F1- and V-antigens is highly effective against both bubonic and pneumonic plague, when tested in animal models of disease. " 08/20/1999 - "Yersinia pestis, the causative organism of plague, produces V antigen (LcrV), a bifunctional protein with regulatory and virulence roles that has been shown to be highly protective against a plague challenge. " 05/01/1997 - "Expression of the Yersinia pestis capsular antigen (F1 antigen) on the surface of an aroA mutant of Salmonella typhimurium induces high levels of protection against plague." 01/01/2014 - "In previous studies, we demonstrated in mice and prairie dogs that simultaneous administration of two recombinant raccoon poxviruses (rRCN) expressing Yersinia pestis antigens (F1 and V307-a truncated version of the V protein) provided superior protection against plague challenge compared to individual single antigen constructs. " 08/01/1995 - "These results indicate that V antigen should be a major component of an improved vaccine for plague."
2.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2010 - "Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague, is an extremely virulent bacterium but there are currently no approved vaccines for protection against this organism. " 03/24/2006 - "Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is an extremely virulent bacterium but there are no approved vaccines for protection against it. " 06/01/2006 - "To aid the development of safe and effective pneumonic plague vaccines, we are deciphering mechanisms used by the immune system to protect against lethal pulmonary Y. " 06/01/2006 - "The identification of Yersinia pestis as a potential bioterrorism agent and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains have highlighted the need for improved vaccines and treatments for plague. " 04/01/2004 - "The model provides a means to directly assess the efficacy of new vaccines to prevent naturally acquired bubonic plague and to study events at the vector-host interface that lead to dissemination and disease."
3.	AntibodiesIBA 05/01/2014 - "Antibodies that are protective against plague target LcrV, an essential virulence protein and component of a type III secretion system of Y. " 11/01/2012 - "However, maternal antibodies' protective efficacy against plague has not yet been demonstrated. " 05/01/2002 - "Treating the bacteria with either rabbit polyclonal anti-V antibodies (R anti-V) or monoclonal antibody (MAb) 7.3, antibodies specific for V and protective against plague in vivo, protected J774.A1 cells from Y. " 12/01/2008 - "In addition, passive immunization studies showed that specific antibodies of macaques immunized with rLcrV, rV10, or rF1, either alone or in combination, conferred protection against bubonic plague challenge in mice. " 04/01/2011 - "rV10, a vaccine variant lacking LcrV residues 271-300, elicited protection against pneumonic plague, which seemed to be based on conformational antibodies directed against LcrV."
4.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Multiple antibiotic resistant strains of plague are emerging, driving a need for the development of novel antibiotics effective against Yersinia pestis. " 02/01/1990 - "Because the child lived in a plague-endemic area of the southwestern United States, antibiotics effective against Yersinia pestis were administered rapidly. " 08/01/2011 - "In vitro efficacy of antibiotics commonly used to treat human plague against intracellular Yersinia pestis." 01/01/2006 - "[Synergistic action of some antibacterial agents in studies on albino mice with experimental plague caused by Fr- phenotype strain of the plague microbe]." 11/01/2015 - "When plague is suspected, treatment with antibiotics should begin immediately."
5.	Plague VaccineIBA 10/01/2015 - "VTnF1 is an easy-to-produce, genetically stable plague vaccine candidate, providing a highly efficient and long-lasting protection against both bubonic and pneumonic plague caused by wild type or un-encapsulated (F1-negative) Y. " 04/06/2009 - "CpG ODNs significantly augmented the antibody response and efficacy of a single dose of the plague vaccine in murine bubonic and pneumonic models of plague. " 11/01/1996 - "This work demonstrates that a subunit plague vaccine formulated for human use provides significant protection against bubonic plague caused by an F1- strain (C12) or against substantial aerosol challenges from either F1+ (CO92) or F1-(C12) Y. " 06/01/2015 - "To test the latter hypothesis and determine whether vaccination against plague with an oral sylvatic plague vaccine (SPV) improved survival, we captured prairie dogs from a C. " 04/01/1977 - "The authors present the results of experimental studies on guinea pigs of the dynamics of plague immunity formation after a single inhalation immunization of the animals with live plague vaccine. "
6.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 02/15/2003 - "There are no previous reports of plague being successfully treated with ciprofloxacin. " 04/01/1996 - "Ciprofloxacin may therefore be a useful antibiotic to consider for the treatment of plague." 02/01/1996 - "The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that ciprofloxacin had an antitoxic action on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the plague microbe toxin. " 02/15/2003 - "A case of plague successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and sympathetic blockade for treatment of gangrene." 02/15/2003 - "A critically ill patient with septicemic plague and peripheral gangrene was treated successfully with ciprofloxacin. "
7.	Streptomycin (Streptomycin Sulfate)FDA Link 12/01/2014 - "For treatment of plague, streptomycin is still considered the drug of choice. " 02/15/2005 - "Streptomycin is the first-line antibiotic for plague treatment. " 03/01/2004 - "Streptomycin, an antimicrobial with limited availability, is the treatment of choice for plague, a fulminating and potentially epidemic disease that poses a bioterrorism concern. " 01/01/2001 - "pestis strain with high-level resistance to streptomycin, isolated from a human case of bubonic plague in Madagascar. " 05/01/1997 - "Twenty-four deaths were related to plague, but early treatment with streptomycin has confirmed its effectiveness insofar as the case-farality ratio was only 8.7% among confirmed and presumptive cases admitted to hospital. "
8.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 03/01/1999 - "Protective efficacy of recombinant Yersinia outer proteins against bubonic plague caused by encapsulated and nonencapsulated Yersinia pestis." 04/01/2013 - "Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject cytotoxic Yop proteins directly into the cytosol of mammalian host cells. " 12/01/2012 - "Previously, we developed a bioinformatic approach to identify proteins that may be suitable targets for antimicrobial therapy and in particular for the treatment of plague. " 07/08/2011 - "Previously, we have used a bioinformatic approach to identify proteins that may be suitable targets for antimicrobial therapy and in particular for the treatment of plague. " 12/16/2010 - "Immunization with the Yersinia pestis F1 and LcrV proteins improves survival in mouse and non-human primate models of pneumonic plague. "
9.	Rifampin (Rifampicin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1995 - "The study showed that in a dose of 25 mg/kg rifampicin was highly efficient in the treatment of the albino mice with experimental glandular plague when the drug was administered either parenterally or orally for 7 days (100-percent survival). " 09/01/2014 - "In this same period, the figure of Piero Sensi (1920-2013) deserves to be recalled for his contribution in the development of rifampicin that played a decisive role in the chemical fight against the white plague. " 06/01/1995 - "[Comparative effectiveness of rifampicin for parenteral administration and internal dose in the treatment of experimental plague in albino mice]." 04/01/1994 - "The experimental data indicated that the rifampicin or quinolone monotherapy required a caution and the combined etiotropic therapy was more advantageous since it decreased the risk of the complications due to the drug resistant virulent variants of the plague microbe forming during the treatment." 04/01/1994 - "A comparative study of the virulence of the clones in the population of the initial strains of the plague microbe and the cultures of the Rifr and Nalr mutants revealed that the predominating majority of the variants resistant to rifampicin and the quinolone preserved their high virulence. "
10.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1977 - "[Experimental study of the mutagenic activity of gentamicin sulfate in relation to the causative agent of plague]." 05/01/2005 - "pestis, since gentamicin has been recommended for treatment of plague. " 01/01/2003 - "Gentamicin and amikacin were highly effective for experimental plague prophylaxis (90-100% animal survival), but inhibited development of postinfective immunity. " 01/01/2012 - "Efficacy of ciprofloxacin-gentamicin combination therapy in murine bubonic plague." 03/01/2004 - "We evaluated the efficacy of gentamicin and tetracyclines for treating human plague. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Oral Administration 02/01/1977 - "Protection against pneumonic plague by the oral administration of a live, attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine, EV76 (Paris) F, was evaluated in the vervet (Cercopithecus aethips). " 11/27/2015 - "Oral administration of a recombinant attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain elicits protective immunity against plague." 02/01/1977 - "Immunity in plague: protection of the vervet (Cercopithecus aethips) against pneumonic plague by the oral administration of live attenuated Yersinia pestis." 10/01/2015 - "To our knowledge, VTnF1 is the only plague vaccine ever reported that could provide high and durable protection against the two forms of plague after a single oral administration." 01/01/2012 - "Oral administration of medium and high dose of YCTMT 7 days after the Aβ(1-40) infusion decreased amyloid accumulation area and reversed acetylcholine decline in the Aβ(1-40)-injected hippocampus, suggesting that YCTMT might inhibit Aβ plague accumulation and rescue reduced acetylcholine expression. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2004 - "Drug therapy in the official danish plague instructions, 1619-1709." 01/01/2002 - "Drug therapy in the official Danish plague instructions, 1619-1709." 10/01/1998 - "Serious consequences caused by drug-drug interactions continue to plague contemporary pharmacotherapy. " 03/01/1997 - "In recent times it has waxed to become the feared White Plague of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and waned under the impact of effective chemotherapy until its elimination seemed possible by the early twenty-first century. " 05/01/1953 - "The chemotherapy of experimental plague in the primate host."
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 05/01/2010 - "Although the cardiac performance by cell-based therapy has improved, unsatisfactory cell retention and transplant survival still plague this technique. " 09/28/2013 - "Additionally, the inherent physics properties of magnetic resonance imaging also provide excellent soft tissue detail and thus help define the extent of complications that often plague the post-liver transplant patient. " 04/01/2012 - "This article discusses the phenomenon of distal embolization that seems to plague saphenous vein graft interventions, reviews device-based strategies for embolic protection, and offers a perspective on the utility of percutaneous saphenous vein graft intervention in both elective and acute settings." 04/01/2012 - "Treatment-related mortality (TRM), relapse, GVHD and, for umbilical cord blood (UCB) grafts, slow engraftment/engraftment failures, however, continue to plague HCT. " 10/01/2004 - "Vascular graft failure continues to plague both the patients receiving and the surgeons performing these interventions. "
4.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 12/01/1998 - "We conclude that introduction of biodegradable microspheres containing the F1 and V sub-units into to the upper or lower respiratory tract engenders immune responses of a magnitude comparable with that induced by parenteral immunisation, and may present a means of protecting individuals from plague." 01/03/2000 - "Generation of protective immune responses to plague by mucosal administration of microsphere coencapsulated recombinant subunits." 04/01/1998 - "Humoral immunity to plague was improved further, resulting in 80% protection from challenge, if a relatively high dose (10 micrograms) of cholera toxin B subunit was added to the microsphere suspension prior to intra-nasal delivery. " 01/01/2014 - "Development of Yersinia pestis F1 antigen-loaded microspheres vaccine against plague." 12/01/1982 - "Black bears (Ursus americanus) from 3 geographic areas of California were tested for antibodies against agents of 6 zoonotic diseases: toxoplasmosis (indirect hemagglutination), Q fever (microagglutination), trichinosis (latex particle agglutination), botulism (passive hemagglutination), leptospirosis (plate agglutination), and plague (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). "
5.	Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation (TENS) 04/01/2014 - "An approximate Bayesian computation treatment indicated a large population size for this main genetic group, moderately reduced between plague and remission but still containing tens of thousands of individuals. " 11/01/2015 - "The 14(th) -century Black Death was one of the most devastating epidemics in human history, killing tens of millions of people in a short period of time. " 01/01/2010 - "From AD 1347 to AD 1353, the Black Death killed tens of millions of people in Europe, leaving misery and devastation in its wake, with successive epidemics ravaging the continent until the 18(th) century. " 12/01/2008 - "The reappearance of the plague in the 19th century, in what is generally referred to as the third pandemic, brought back painful memories of the great plague outbreaks of the past that had killed tens of millions of people. " 10/01/1997 - "Duck plague serum neutralization antibodies were demonstrated in 31% of 395 apparently healthy mallards sampled prior to dispersal of the flock at Lake Andes, suggesting that tens of thousands of potential duck plague carriers entered the wild waterfowl populations of all four major flyways. "